Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre Asma infantil
Completa HTML
1. Carvajal-Urueña I, García-Marcos L, Busquets-Monge R, Morales Suárez-Varela M, García de Andoin N, Batlles-Garrido J, et al. Variaciones geográficas en la prevalencia de síntomas de asma en los niños y adolescentes españoles. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) fase III España. Arch Bronconeumol. 2005 Dec;41(12):659-66.
2. GINA Report, Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA).2012.
3. Warner JO, Naspitz CK. Third International Pediatric Consensus statement on the management of childhood asthma. International Pediatric Asthma Consensus Group. Pediatric pulmonology. 1998;25(1):1-17.
4. Grupo Español del Estudio Europeo del Asma. Estudio Europeo del asma. Prevalencia de hiperreactividad bronquial y asma en adultos jóvenes de cinco áreas españolas. Med Clin (Barc). 1996;106(20):761-7.
5. Aguinaga OI, Arnedo PA, Bellido J, Guillén G, Suárez Varela MM, Childhood). GEdEII- SoAaAi. Prevalencia de síntomas relacionados con el asma en niños de 13-14 años de 9 poblaciones españolas. Med Clin (Barc ). 1999;112(5):171-5.
6. Pearce N, Ait-Khaled N, Beasley R, Mallol J, Keil U, Mitchell E, et al. Worldwide trends in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Thorax. 2007;62(9):758-66.
7. Committee. IS. Worldwide variations in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). EurRespir J. 1998;12(2):315-35.
8. Meana A, Moreno M, Muruzábal C, Tamargo I, Fernández-Tejada E. Asma infantil en una zona de salud: población afecta y características de la misma. Aten Primaria. 1993;12:36-40.
9. Grupo Regional de Trabajo sobre Asma Infantil en Atención Primaria de Asturias. Prevalencia de asma diagnosticado en la población infantil en Asturias. An Esp Pediatr. 1999;51:479-84.
10. Pellegrini-Belinchon J, Miguel-Miguel G, De Dios-Martin B, Vicente-Galindo E, Lorente-Toledano F, García-Marcos L. Study of wheezing and its risk factors in the first year of life in the Province of Salamanca, Spain. The EISL Study. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2012 40(3):164-71.
11. García-Marcos Álvarez L, Sánchez-Solís de Querol M, Bosch Giménez V. Epidemiología e historia natural de las sibilancias en el lactante. In: Villa-Asensi JR, editor. Sibilancias en el lactante In: Luzán 5 SAdE, editor. Sibilancias en el lactante 2009. p. 11-26.
12. Loddenkemper R, Gibson GJ, Sibille Y. The burden of lung disease in Europe: why a European White Book on lung disease? Eur Respir J. 2003;22(6):869-69.
13. Martínez-Moragón E, Serra-Batllés J, De Diego A, Palop M, Casan P, Rubio-Terrés C, et al. Coste económico del paciente asmático en España. Arch Bronconeumol. 2009 45(10):481-6.
14. Blasco Bravo AJ, Pérez-Yarza EG, de Mercado PL, Perales AB, Díaz Vazquez CA, Moreno Galdo A. Coste del asma en pediatría en España: un modelo de evaluación de costes basado en la prevalencia. In Anales de Pediatría An Pediatr (Barc). 2011;74 (3):145-53.
15. Bateman ED, Boushey HA, Bousquet J, Busse WW, Clark TJ, Pauwels RA, et al. Can guideline-defined asthma control be achieved? The Gaining Optimal Asthma ControL study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170(8):836-44.
16. Dell SD, Foty R, Becker A, Franssen E, Chapman KR. Parent-reported symptoms may not be adequate to define asthma control in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007;42(12):1117-24.
17. Rabe KF, Vermeire PA, Soriano JB, Maier WC. Clinical management of asthma in 1999: the Asthma Insights and Reality in Europe (AIRE) study. Eur Respir J. 2000;16(5):802-7.
18. Korta Murua J, López-Silvarrey Varela A. Asma, educadores y escuela. 2011;74(3):141-4.
19. Korta- Murua JJ. Asma en los centros escolares e impacto de una intervención educativa en los profesores [tesis doctoral]. 2011.
20. Grupo de trabajo sobre GPC. Elaboración de Guías de Práctica Clínica en el Sistema Nacional de Salud. Manual Metodológico. Madrid: Plan Nacional para el SNS del MSC. Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud-I+CS; 2007. Guías de Práctica Clínica en el SNS: I+CS Nº 2006/0I.
21. Grupo de Trabajo de la Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre Asma. Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre Asma. 2005. Disponible en: http://www9.euskadi.net/sanidad/osteba/datos/gpc_05-1.pdf.
22. Etxeberria A, Rotache R, Lekue L, Callén B, Merino M, Villar Mea. Descripción de la metodología de elaboración-adaptación-actualización empleada en la guía de práctica clínica sobre asma de la CAPV. 2005. Informe nº. Osteba D-05-03.
23. Grupo de trabajo sobre actualización de GPC. Actualización de Guías de Práctica Clínica en el Sistema Nacional de Salud. Manual Metodológico. 2009. Guías de Práctica Clínica en el SNS: I+CS Nº 2007/02-01.
24. Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, Burgers JS, Cluzeau F, Feder G, et al. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. CMAJ. 2010;182(18):E839-42.
25. Shea BJ, Grimshaw JM, Wells GA, Boers M, Andersson N, Hamel C, et al. Development of AMSTAR: a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007;7:10.
26. Wells GA, Shea B, O’connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. 2000.
27. Whiting PF, Rutjes AW, Westwood ME, Mallett S, Deeks JJ, Reitsma JB, et al. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(8):529-36. Disponible en: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/3/25/table/T1.
28. Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, Kunz R, Vist G, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):383-94.
29. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Atkins D, Brozek J, Vist G, et al. GRADE guidelines: 2. Framing the question and deciding on important outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):395-400.
30. Balshem H, Helfand M, Schunemann HJ, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):401-6.
31. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist G, Kunz R, Brozek J, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE guidelines: 4. Rating the quality of evidence–study limitations (risk of bias). J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):407-15.
32. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Montori V, Vist G, Kunz R, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 5. Rating the quality of evidence–publication bias. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(12):1277-82.
33. Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Sultan S, Brozek J, Glasziou P, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE guidelines: 11. Making an overall rating of confidence in effect estimates for a single outcome and for all outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(2):151-7.
34. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Santesso N, Helfand M, Vist G, Kunz R, et al. GRADE guidelines: 12. Preparing summary of findings tables-binary outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(2):158-72.
35. Thornton J, Alderson P, Tan T, Turner C, Latchem S, Shaw E, et al. Introducing GRADE across the NICE clinical guideline program. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(2):124-31.
36. Andrews J, Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Alderson P, Dahm P, Falck-Ytter Y, et al. GRADE guidelines: 14. Going from evidence to recommendations: the significance and presentation of recommendations. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(7):719-25.
37. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, Alonso-Coello P, Rind D, et al. GRADE guidelines 6. Rating the quality of evidence–imprecision. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(12):1283-93.
38. Andrews JC, Schunemann HJ, Oxman AD, Pottie K, Meerpohl JJ, Coello PA, et al. GRADE guidelines: 15. Going from evidence to recommendation-determinants of a recommendation’s direction and strength. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(7):726-35.
39. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Schunemann HJ, Tugwell P, Knottnerus A. GRADE guidelines: a new series of articles in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):380-2.
40. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Woodcock J, Brozek J, Helfand M, et al. GRADE guidelines: 8. Rating the quality of evidence–indirectness. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(12):1303-10.
41. Guyatt GH, Thorlund K, Oxman AD, Walter SD, Patrick D, Furukawa TA, et al. GRADE guidelines: 13. Preparing summary of findings tables and evidence profiles-continuous outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(2):173-83.
42. Brunetti M, Shemilt I, Pregno S, Vale L, Oxman AD, Lord J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 10. Considering resource use and rating the quality of economic evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(2):140-50.
43. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Woodcock J, Brozek J, Helfand M, et al. GRADE guidelines: 7. Rating the quality of evidence–inconsistency. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(12):1294-302.
44. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Sultan S, Glasziou P, Akl EA, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE guidelines: 9. Rating up the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(12):1311-6.
45. British guideline on the management of asthma. A national clinical guideline. 2011.
46. GEMA 2009. Guía española para el manejo del asma. 2009.
47. Etminan M, Sadatsafavi M, Jafari S, Doyle-Waters M, Aminzadeh K, Fitzgerald JM. Acetaminophen use and the risk of asthma in children and adults: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest. 1362009. p. 1316-23.
48. Eyers S, Weatherall M, Jefferies S, Beasley R. Paracetamol in pregnancy and the risk of wheezing in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2011;41(4):482-9.
49. Shaheen SO, Newson RB, Henderson AJ, Headley JE, Stratton FD, Jones RW, et al. Prenatal paracetamol exposure and risk of asthma and elevated immunoglobulin E in childhood. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005;35(1):18-25.
50. Rebordosa C, Kogevinas M, Sørensen HT, Olsen J. Pre-natal exposure to paracetamol and risk of wheezing and asthma in children: a birth cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 2008;37(3):583-90.
51. Kang EM, Lundsberg LS, Illuzzi JL, Bracken MB. Prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and asthma in children. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;114(6):1295-306.
52. Bakkeheim E, Mowinckel P, Carlsen KH, Håland G, Carlsen KC. Paracetamol in early infancy: the risk of childhood allergy and asthma. Acta Paediatr. 2011;100(1):90-6.
53. Perzanowski MS, Miller RL, Tang D, Ali D, Garfinkel RS, Chew GL, et al. Prenatal acetaminophen exposure and risk of wheeze at age 5 years in an urban low-income cohort. Thorax. 2010;65(2):118-23.
54. Goksör E, Thengilsdottir H, Alm B, Norvenius G, Wennergren G. Prenatal paracetamol exposure and risk of wheeze at preschool age. Acta Paediatr. 2011;100(12):1567-71.
55. Kreiner-Møller E, Sevelsted A, Vissing NH, Schoos AM, Bisgaard H. Infant acetaminophen use associates with early asthmatic symptoms independently of respiratory tract infections: the Copenhagen Prospective Study on Asthma in Childhood 2000 (COPSAC(2000)) cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130(6):1434-6.
56. Beasley R, Clayton T, Crane J, von Mutius E, Lai CK, Montefort S, et al. Association between paracetamol use in infancy and childhood, and risk of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in children aged 6-7 years: analysis from Phase Three of the ISAAC programme. Lancet. 2008;372(9643):1039-48.
57. Cohet C, Cheng S, MacDonald C, Baker M, Foliaki S, Huntington N, et al. Infections, medication use, and the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema in childhood. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004;58(10):852-7.
58. Barragán-Meijueiro MM, Morfín-Maciel B, Nava-Ocampo AA. A Mexican population-based study on exposure to paracetamol and the risk of wheezing, rhinitis, and eeczema in childhood. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2006;16(4):247-52.
59. Karimi M, Mirzaei M, Ahmadieh MH. Acetaminophen use and the symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema in children. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;5(2):63-7.
60. Lowe AJ, Carlin JB, Bennett CM, Hosking CS, Allen KJ, Robertson CF, et al. Paracetamol use in early life and asthma: prospective birth cohort study. BMJ. 2010;341:c4616.
61. Shaheen SO, Newson RB, Ring SM, Rose-Zerilli MJ, Holloway JW, Henderson AJ. Prenatal and infant acetaminophen exposure, antioxidant gene polymorphisms, and childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126(6):1141-8.e7.
62. Wickens K, Beasley R, Town I, Epton M, Pattemore P, Ingham T, et al. The effects of early and late paracetamol exposure on asthma and atopy: a birth cohort. Clin Exp Allergy. 2011;41(3):399-406.
63. Osborn DA, Sinn J. Formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergy and food intolerance in infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 (4):CD003664.
64. Osborn DA, Sinn J. Soy formula for prevention of allergy and food intolerance in infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 (4):CD003741.
65. Wüthrich B, Schmid A, Walther B, Sieber R. Milk Consumption Does Not Lead to Mucus Production or Occurrence of Asthma. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005;24(6):547S-55S.
66. Nguyen MT. Effect of cow milk on pulmonary function in atopic asthmatic patients. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997;79(1):62-4.
67. Haas F, Bishop MC, Salazar-Schicchi J, Axen KV, Lieberman D, Axen K. Effect of milk ingestion on pulmonary function in healthy and asthmatic subjects. J Asthma. 1991;28(5):349-55.
68. Woods RK, Weiner JM, Abramson M, Thien F, Walters EH. Do dairy products induce bronchoconstriction in adults with asthma? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;101(1 Pt 1):45-50.
69. Yusoff NA, Hampton SM, Dickerson JW, Morgan JB. The effects of exclusion of dietary egg and milk in the management of asthmatic children: a pilot study. J R Soc Promot Health. 2004;124(2):74-80.
70. Murray MG, Kanuga J, Yee E, Bahna SL. Milk-induced wheezing in children with asthma. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2013;41(5):310-4.
71. Castro-Rodriguez JA, Holberg CJ, Wright AL, Martinez FD. A clinical index to define risk of asthma in young children with recurrent wheezing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162(4 Pt 1):1403-6.
72. Caudri D, Wijga A, CM AS, Hoekstra M, Postma DS, Koppelman GH, et al. Predicting the long-term prognosis of children with symptoms suggestive of asthma at preschool age. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124(5):903-10.e1-7.
73. Kurukulaaratchy RJ, Matthews S, Holgate ST, Arshad SH. Predicting persistent disease among children who wheeze during early life. Eur Respir J. 2003;22(5):767-71.
74. McGinn T WP, Wisnivesky J, Devereaux PJ, Stiell I, Richardson S, Guyatt G. Clinical prediction rules. In: Guyatt G, Rennie D, Meade MO, Cook DJ, eds Users’ Guides to the Medical Literature: A Manual for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice2008
75. Coronel-Carvajal C. Predicción del futuro de un niño con sibilancias. Rev Mex Pediatr. 2010;77(3):2.
76. Leonardi NA, Spycher BD, Strippoli MP, Frey U, Silverman M, Kuehni CE. Validation of the Asthma Predictive Index and comparison with simpler clinical prediction rules. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127(6):1466-72.e6.
77. Rodriguez-Martinez CE, Sossa-Briceno MP, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Discriminative properties of two predictive indices for asthma diagnosis in a sample of preschoolers with recurrent wheezing. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011;46(12):1175-81.
78. Devulapalli CS, Carlsen KC, Haland G, Munthe-Kaas MC, Pettersen M, Mowinckel P, et al. Severity of obstructive airways disease by age 2 years predicts asthma at 10 years of age. Thorax. 2008;63(1):8-13.
79. Vial Dupuy A, Amat F, Pereira B, Labbe A, Just J. A simple tool to identify infants at high risk of mild to severe childhood asthma: the persistent asthma predictive score. J Asthma. 2011;48(10):1015-21.
80. Matricardi PM, Illi S, Gruber C, Keil T, Nickel R, Wahn U, et al. Wheezing in childhood: incidence, longitudinal patterns and factors predicting persistence. Eur Respir J. 2008;32(3):585-92.
81. Matricardi PM, Illi S, Keil T, Wagner P, Wahn U, Lau S. Predicting persistence of wheezing: one algorithm does not fit all. Eur Respir J. 352010. p. 701-3.
82. Dweik RA, Boggs PB, Erzurum SC, Irvin CG, Leigh MW, Lundberg JO, et al. An official ATS clinical practice guideline: interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) for clinical applications. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(5):602-15.
83. Caudri D, Wijga AH, Hoekstra MO, Kerkhof M, Koppelman GH, Brunekreef B, et al. Prediction of asthma in symptomatic preschool children using exhaled nitric oxide, Rint and specific IgE. Thorax. 2010;65(9):801-7.
84. van de Kant KD, Klaassen EM, Jöbsis Q, Nijhuis AJ, van Schayck OC, Dompeling E. Early diagnosis of asthma in young children by using non-invasive biomarkers of airway inflammation and early lung function measurements: study protocol of a case-control study. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:210.
85. van Wonderen KE, van der Mark LB, Mohrs J, Geskus RB, van der Wal WM, van Aalderen WM, et al. Prediction and treatment of asthma in preschool children at risk: study design and baseline data of a prospective cohort study in general practice (ARCADE). BMC Pulm Med. 2009;9:13.
86. Debley JS, Stamey DC, Cochrane ES, Gama KL, Redding GJ. Exhaled nitric oxide, lung function, and exacerbations in wheezy infants and toddlers. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(6):1228-34.e13.
87. van der Valk RJ, Caudri D, Savenije O, Koppelman GH, Smit HA, Wijga AH, et al. Childhood wheezing phenotypes and FeNO in atopic children at age 8. Clin Exp Allergy. 2012;42(9):1329-36.
88. Sabirin J, Krishnasamy M. Health Technology Assessment Report: Exhaled nitric oxide measurement using niox or niox mino. 2008.
89. Policies BM. Measurement of Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Exhaled Breath Condensate in the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma and Other Respiratory Disorders. Current Procedural Terminology. March 2012.
90. Feitosa LA, Dornelas de Andrade A, Reinaux CM, Britto MC. Diagnostic accuracy of exhaled nitric oxide in exercise-induced bronchospasm: Systematic review. Rev Port Pneumol. 2012;18(4):198-204.
91. Smith AD, Cowan JO, Filsell S, McLachlan C, Monti-Sheehan G, Jackson P, et al. Diagnosing asthma: comparisons between exhaled nitric oxide measurements and conventional tests. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169(4):473-8.
92. Dupont LJ, Demedts MG, Verleden GM. Prospective evaluation of the validity of exhaled nitric oxide for the diagnosis of asthma. Chest. 2003;123(3):751-6.
93. Sivan Y, Gadish T, Fireman E, Soferman R. The use of exhaled nitric oxide in the diagnosis of asthma in school children. J Pediatr. 2009;155(2):211-6.
94. Schneider A, Tilemann L, Schermer T, Gindner L, Laux G, Szecsenyi J, et al. Diagnosing asthma in general practice with portable exhaled nitric oxide measurement–results of a prospective diagnostic study: FENO < or = 16 ppb better than FENO < or =12 ppb to rule out mild and moderate to severe asthma [added]. Respir Res. 2009;10:15.
95. Fukuhara A, Saito J, Sato S, Sato Y, Nikaido T, Saito K, et al. Validation study of asthma screening criteria based on subjective symptoms and fractional exhaled nitric oxide. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2011;107(6):480-6.
96. Cordeiro D, Rudolphus A, Snoey E, Braunstahl GJ. Utility of nitric oxide for the diagnosis of asthma in an allergy clinic population. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2011;32(2):119-26.
97. Woo SI, Lee JH, Kim H, Kang JW, Sun YH, Hahn YS. Utility of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (F(E)NO) measurements in diagnosing asthma. Respir Med. 2012;106(8):1103-9.
98. Berkman N, Avital A, Breuer R, Bardach E, Springer C, Godfrey S. Exhaled nitric oxide in the diagnosis of asthma: comparison with bronchial provocation tests. Thorax. 2005;60(5):383-8.
99. Pedrosa M, Cancelliere N, Barranco P, López-Carrasco V, Quirce S. Usefulness of exhaled nitric oxide for diagnosing asthma. J Asthma. 2010;47(7):817-21.
100. Fortuna AM, Feixas T, González M, Casan P. Diagnostic utility of inflammatory biomarkers in asthma: exhaled nitric oxide and induced sputum eosinophil count. Respir Med. 2007;101(11):2416-21.
101. Schleich FN, Asandei R, Manise M, Sele J, Seidel L, Louis R. Is FENO50 useful diagnostic tool in suspected asthma? Int J Clin Pract. 2012;66(2):158-65.
102. Smith AD, Cowan JO, Brassett KP, Filsell S, McLachlan C, Monti-Sheehan G, et al. Exhaled nitric oxide: a predictor of steroid response. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172(4):453-9.
103. García-Estepa R, Praena-Crespo M, Flores-Moreno S, Ruiz-Canela Cáceres J, Martín-Muñoz P, Beltrán-Calvo C. Revisión sistemática de la utilidad de la determinación del óxido nítrico espirado en el control del asmainfanto-juvenil. Informes de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias. AETSA 2009/7. Disponible en: http://aunets.isciii.es/ficherosproduc¬tos/388/AETSA_2009-7_Oxido_Nitroso_asma_2.pdf.
104. Petsky HL, Cates CJ, Li A, Kynaston JA, Turner C, Chang AB. Tailored interventions based on exhaled nitric oxide versus clinical symptoms for asthma in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 (4):CD006340.
105. Jartti T, Wendelin-Saarenhovi M, Heinonen I, Hartiala J, Vanto T. Childhood asthma management guided by repeated FeNO measurements: a meta-analysis. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2012;13(3):178-83.
106. Pijnenburg MW, Bakker EM, Hop WC, De Jongste JC. Titrating steroids on exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172(7):831-6.
107. Szefler SJ, Mitchell H, Sorkness CA, Gergen PJ, O’Connor GT, Morgan WJ, et al. Management of asthma based on exhaled nitric oxide in addition to guideline-based treatment for inner-city adolescents and young adults: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9643):1065-72.
108. de Jongste JC, Carraro S, Hop WC, Baraldi E, Group CS. Daily telemonitoring of exhaled nitric oxide and symptoms in the treatment of childhood asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;179(2):93-7.
109. Fritsch M, Uxa S, Horak F, Putschoegl B, Dehlink E, Szepfalusi Z, et al. Exhaled nitric oxide in the management of childhood asthma: a prospective 6-months study. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006;41(9):855-62.
110. Boluyt N, Rottier BL, de Jongste JC, Riemsma R, Vrijlandt EJ, Brand PL. Assessment of controversial pediatric asthma management options using GRADE. Pediatrics. 2012;130(3):e658-68.
111. Bisgaard H, Zielen S, Garcia-Garcia ML, Johnston SL, Gilles L, Menten J, et al. Montelukast reduces asthma exacerbations in 2- to 5-year-old children with intermittent asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171(4):315-22.
112. Robertson CF, Price D, Henry R, Mellis C, Glasgow N, Fitzgerald D, et al. Short-course montelukast for intermittent asthma in children: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(4):323-9.
113. Valovirta E, Boza ML, Robertson CF, Verbruggen N, Smugar SS, Nelsen LM, et al. Intermittent or daily montelukast versus placebo for episodic asthma in children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2011;106(6):518-26.
114. Knorr B, Franchi LM, Bisgaard H, Vermeulen JH, LeSouef P, Santanello N, et al. Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, for the treatment of persistent asthma in children aged 2 to 5 years. Pediatrics. 2001;108(3):E48.
115. van Adelsberg J, Moy J, Wei LX, Tozzi CA, Knorr B, Reiss TF. Safety, tolerability, and exploratory efficacy of montelukast in 6- to 24-month-old patients with asthma. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21(6):971-9.
116. Straub DA, Moeller A, Minocchieri S, Hamacher J, Sennhauser FH, Hall GL, et al. The effect of montelukast on lung function and exhaled nitric oxide in infants with early childhood asthma. Eur Respir J. 2005;25(2):289-94.
117. Kooi EM, Schokker S, Marike Boezen H, de Vries TW, Vaessen-Verberne AA, van der Molen T, et al. Fluticasone or montelukast for preschool children with asthma-like symptoms: Randomized controlled trial. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2008;21(5):798-804.
118. Bacharier LB, Phillips BR, Zeiger RS, Szefler SJ, Martinez FD, Lemanske RF, et al. Episodic use of an inhaled corticosteroid or leukotriene receptor antagonist in preschool children with moderate-to-severe intermittent wheezing. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(6):1127-35.e8.
119. Szefler SJ, Baker JW, Uryniak T, Goldman M, Silkoff PE. Comparative study of budesonide inhalation suspension and montelukast in young children with mild persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120(5):1043-50.
120. Miceli Sopo S, Onesimo R, Radzik D, Scala G, Cardinale F. Montelukast versus inhaled corticosteroids as monotherapy for prevention of asthma: which one is best? Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2009;37(1):26-30.
121. Castro-Rodriguez JA, Rodrigo GJ. The role of inhaled corticosteroids and montelukast in children with mild-moderate asthma: results of a systematic review with meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 952010. p. 365-70.
122. Ng D, Salvio F, Hicks G. Anti-leukotriene agents compared to inhaled corticosteroids in the management of recurrent and/or chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004 (2):CD002314.
123. Maspero JF, Dueñas-Meza E, Volovitz B, Pinacho Daza C, Kosa L, Vrijens F, et al. Oral montelukast versus inhaled beclomethasone in 6- to 11-year-old children with asthma: results of an open-label extension study evaluating long-term safety, satisfaction, and adherence with therapy. Curr Med Res Opin. 2001;17(2):96-104.
124. Ostrom NK, Decotiis BA, Lincourt WR, Edwards LD, Hanson KM, Carranza Rosenzweig JR, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of low-dose fluticasone propionate and montelukast in children with persistent asthma. J Pediatr. 2005;147(2):213-20.
125. Szefler SJ, Phillips BR, Martinez FD, Chinchilli VM, Lemanske RF, Strunk RC, et al. Characterization of within-subject responses to fluticasone and montelukast in childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(2):233-42.
126. Becker AB, Kuznetsova O, Vermeulen J, Soto-Quiros ME, Young B, Reiss TF, et al. Linear growth in prepubertal asthmatic children treated with montelukast, beclomethasone, or placebo: a 56-week randomized double-blind study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;96(6):800-7.
127. Sorkness CA, Lemanske RF, Mauger DT, Boehmer SJ, Chinchilli VM, Martinez FD, et al. Long-term comparison of 3 controller regimens for mild-moderate persistent childhood asthma: the Pediatric Asthma Controller Trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119(1):64-72.
128. Garcia Garcia ML, Wahn U, Gilles L, Swern A, Tozzi CA, Polos P. Montelukast, compared with fluticasone, for control of asthma among 6- to 14-year-old patients with mild asthma: the MOSAIC study. Pediatrics. 2005;116(2):360-9.
129. Williams B, Noonan G, Reiss TF, Knorr B, Guerra J, White R, et al. Long-term asthma control with oral montelukast and inhaled beclomethasone for adults and children 6 years and older. Clin Exp Allergy. 2001;31(6):845-54.
130. Stelmach I, Jerzynska J, Kuna P. A randomized, double-blind trial of the effect of glucocorticoid, antileukotriene and beta-agonist treatment on IL-10 serum levels in children with asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002;32(2):264-9.
131. Stelmach I, Majak P, Jerzynska J, Stelmach W, Kuna P. Comparative effect of triamcinolone, nedocromil and montelukast on asthma control in children: A randomized pragmatic study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2004;15(4):359-64.
132. Karaman O, Sünneli L, Uzuner N, Islekel H, Turgut CS, Köse S, et al. Evaluation of montelukast in 8 to 14 year old children with mild persistent asthma and compared with inhaled corticosteroids. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2004;32(1):21-7.
133. Stelmach I, Bobrowska-Korzeniowska M, Majak P, Stelmach W, Kuna P. The effect of montelukast and different doses of budesonide on IgE serum levels and clinical parameters in children with newly diagnosed asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2005;18(5):374-80.
134. Zeiger RS, Szefler SJ, Phillips BR, Schatz M, Martinez FD, Chinchilli VM, et al. Response profiles to fluticasone and montelukast in mild-to-moderate persistent childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117(1):45-52.
135. Kumar V, Ramesh P, Lodha R, Pandey RM, Kabra SK. Montelukast vs. inhaled low-dose budesonide as monotherapy in the treatment of mild persistent asthma: a randomized double blind controlled trial. J Trop Pediatr. 2007;53(5):325-30.
136. Stelmach I, Grzelewski T, Bobrowska-Korzeniowska M, Stelmach P, Kuna P. A randomized, double-blind trial of the effect of anti-asthma treatment on lung function in children with asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2007;20(6):691-700.
137. Gradman J, Wolthers OD. A randomized trial of lower leg and height growth in children with asthma treated with inhaled budesonide from a new dry powder inhaler. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010;21(1 Pt 2):e206-12.
138. Jonas D, Wines R, DelMonte M, Amick H, Wilkins T, Einerson B, et al. Drug Class Review: Controller Medications for Asthma: Final Update 1 Report. 2011.
139. Camargos PA, Lasmar LM. Effects of beclomethasone and factors related to asthma on the growth of prepubertal children. Respir Med. 2010;104(7):951-6.
140. Philip G, Hustad CM, Malice MP, Noonan G, Ezekowitz A, Reiss TF, et al. Analysis of behavior-related adverse experiences in clinical trials of montelukast. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124(4):699-706.e8.
141. Wallerstedt SM, Brunlöf G, Sundström A, Eriksson AL. Montelukast and psychiatric disorders in children. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2009;18(9):858-64.
142. O’Byrne PM, Pedersen S, Carlsson LG, Radner F, Thorén A, Peterson S, et al. Risks of pneumonia in patients with asthma taking inhaled corticosteroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(5):589-95.
143. Ahmet A, Kim H, Spier S. Adrenal suppression: A practical guide to the screening and management of this under-recognized complication of inhaled corticosteroid therapy. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2011;7:13.
144. Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM. Anti-leukotriene agents compared to inhaled corticosteroids in the management of recurrent and/or chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;5:CD002314.
145. Castro-Rodriguez JA, Rodrigo GJ. The role of inhaled corticosteroids and montelukast in children with mild-moderate asthma: results of a systematic review with meta-analysis. Archives of disease in childhood. 2010 May;95(5):365-70.
146. Kelly HW, Sternberg AL, Lescher R, Fuhlbrigge AL, Williams P, Zeiger RS, et al. Effect of inhaled glucocorticoids in childhood on adult height. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(10):904-12.
147. Kovaleva A, Remmelts HH, Rijkers GT, Hoepelman AI, Biesma DH, Oosterheert JJ. Immunomodulatory effects of macrolides during community-acquired pneumonia: a literature review. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67(3):530-40.
148. Brusselle GG, Vanderstichele C, Jordens P, Deman R, Slabbynck H, Ringoet V, et al. Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations in severe asthma (AZISAST): a multicentre randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Thorax. 2013;68(4):322-9.
149. Barnes PJ. Severe asthma: advances in current management and future therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129(1):48-59.
150. Gibson PG. Macrolides for yet another chronic airway disease: severe asthma? Thorax. 2013;68(4):313-4.
151. Bush A, Pedersen S, Hedlin G, Baraldi E, Barbato A, de Benedictis F, et al. Pharmacological treatment of severe, therapy-resistant asthma in children: what can we learn from where? Eur Respir J. 2011;38(4):947-58.
152. Evans DJ, Cullinan P, Geddes DM. Troleandomycin as an oral corticosteroid steroid sparing agent in stable asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001 (2):CD002987.
153. Richeldi L, Ferrara G, Fabbri LM, Lasserson TJ, Gibson PG. Macrolides for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 (4):CD002997.
154. Ball B, Hill M, Brenner M, Sanks R, Szefler S. Effect of low-dose troleandromycin on glucocorticoid pharmacokinetics and airway hyperresponsiveness in severily asthmatic children. Ann Allergy. 1990;65:37-45.
155. Kamada AK, Hill MR, Iklé DN, Brenner AM, Szefler SJ. Efficacy and safety of low-dose troleandomycin therapy in children with severe, steroid-requiring asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1993;91(4):873-82.
156. Piacentini GL, Peroni DG, Bodini A, Pigozzi R, Costella S, Loiacono A, et al. Azithromycin reduces bronchial hyperresponsiveness and neutrophilic airway inflammation in asthmatic children: a preliminary report. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2007;28(2):194-8.
157. Strunk RC, Bacharier LB, Phillips BR, Szefler SJ, Zeiger RS, Chinchilli VM, et al. Azithromycin or montelukast as inhaled corticosteroid-sparing agents in moderate-to-severe childhood asthma study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(6):1138-44.e4.
158. Koutsoubari I, Papaevangelou V, Konstantinou GN, Makrinioti H, Xepapadaki P, Kafetzis D, et al. Effect of clarithromycin on acute asthma exacerbations in children: an open randomized study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2012;23(4):385-90.
159. Pérez-Trallero E, Martín-Herrero JE, Mazón A, García-Delafuente C, Robles P, Iriarte V, et al. Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens in Spain: latest data and changes over 11 years (1996-1997 to 2006-2007). Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(7):2953-9.
160. Donostia. SdMdH. Información de la resistencia a antibióticos de los microorganismos en las infecciones respiratorias extra-hospitalarias. Diciembre 2007.
161. Kobayashi Y, Wada H, Rossios C, Takagi D, Charron C, Barnes PJ, et al. A novel macrolide/ fluoroketolide, solithromycin (CEM-101), reverses corticosteroid insensitivity via phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway inhibition. Br J Pharmacol. 2013;169(5):1024-34.
162. O’Byrne PM, Barnes PJ, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Runnerstrom E, Sandstrom T, Svensson K, et al. Low dose inhaled budesonide and formoterol in mild persistent asthma: the OPTIMA randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(8 Pt 1):1392-7.
163. Pauwels RA, Pedersen S, Busse WW, Tan WC, Chen YZ, Ohlsson SV, et al. Early intervention with budesonide in mild persistent asthma: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9363):1071-6.
164. Long-term effects of budesonide or nedocromil in children with asthma. The Childhood Asthma Management Program Research Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(15):1054-63.
165. Enting D, Schokker S, Duiverman EJ, Van der Molen T. The effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroid therapy in preschool children with asthma: a systematic review of literature. Prim Care Respir J. 2003; 12(2):52-7.
166. Bisgaard H, Allen D, Milanowski J, Kalev I, Willits L, Davies P. Twelve-month safety and efficacy of inhaled fluticasone propionate in children aged 1 to 3 years with recurrent wheezing. Pediatrics. 2004;113(2):e87-94.
167. Nielsen KG, Bisgaard H. The effect of inhaled budesonide on symptoms, lung function, and cold air and methacholine responsiveness in 2- to 5-year-old asthmatic children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162(4 Pt 1):1500-6.
168. Adams N, Lasserson TJ, Cates CJ, Jones PW. Fluticasone versus beclomethasone or budesonide for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 (4):Cd002310.
169. Altintas DU, Karakoc GB, Can S, Yilmaz M, Kendirli SG. The effects of long term use of inhaled corticosteroids on linear growth, adrenal function and bone mineral density in children. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2005;33(4):204-9.
170. Guidance. N. Inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of chronic asthma in adults and in children aged 12 years and over. . 2007. Actualizado en Noviembre 2012.
171. Guidance N. Corticosteroids for the treatment of chronic asthma in children under the age of 12 years. 2007. Actualizado en Noviembre 2012.
172. Kramer S, Rottier BL, Scholten RJ, Boluyt N. Ciclesonide versus other inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2:Cd010352.
173. Yang D, Wang J, Bunjhoo H, Xiong W, Xu Y, Zhao J. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of mometasone furoate to other inhaled steroids for asthma: a meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2013;31(1):26-35.
174. Gustafsson P, Tsanakas J, Gold M, Primhak R, Radford M, Gillies E. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of inhaled fluticasone propionate 200 micrograms/day with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate 400 micrograms/day in mild and moderate asthma. Arch Dis Child. 1993;69(2):206-11.
175. Rao R, Gregson RK, Jones AC, Miles EA, Campbell MJ, Warner JO. Systemic effects of inhaled corticosteroids on growth and bone turnover in childhood asthma: a comparison of fluticasone with beclomethasone. Eur Respir J. 1999;13(1):87-94.
176. de Benedictis FM, Teper A, Green RJ, Boner AL, Williams L, Medley H. Effects of 2 inhaled corticosteroids on growth: results of a randomized controlled trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155(11):1248-54.
177. FLTB3013. A multi-centre, randomised, double-blind,parallel-group clinical trial to compare the safety and efficacy of the dry powder formulation of fluticasone propionate 400µg/day administered for 12 weeks to paediatric patients with chronic asthma. 2005.
178. Ahmadiafshar A, Hadji MM, Rezaei N. Comparison of Effectiveness between Beclomethasone Dipropionate and Fluticasone Propionate in Treatment of Children with Moderate Asthma. World Allergy Organ J. 2010;3(10):250-2.
179. Ferguson AC, Spier S, Manjra A, Versteegh FG, Mark S, Zhang P. Efficacy and safety of highdose inhaled steroids in children with asthma: a comparison of fluticasone propionate with budesonide. J Pediatr. 1999;134(4):422-7.
180. Kannisto S, Voutilainen R, Remes K, Korppi M. Efficacy and safety of inhaled steroid and cromone treatment in school-age children: a randomized pragmatic pilot study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2002;13(1):24-30.
181. Ferguson AC, Van Bever HP, Teper AM, Lasytsya O, Goldfrad CH, Whitehead PJ. A comparison of the relative growth velocities with budesonide and fluticasone propionate in children with asthma. Respir Med. 2007;101(1):118-29.
182. Williams J, Richards KA. Ease of handling and clinical efficacy of fluticasone propionate Accuhaler/Diskus inhaler compared with the Turbohaler inhaler in paediatric patients. UK Study Group. Br J Clin Pract. 1997;51(3):147-53.
183. Hoekx JC, Hedlin G, Pedersen W, Sorva R, Hollingworth K, Efthimiou J. Fluticasone propionate compared with budesonide: a double-blind trial in asthmatic children using powder devices at a dosage of 400 microg x day(-1). Eur Respir J. 1996;9(11):2263-72.
184. Bisgaard H, Damkjaer Nielsen M, Andersen B, Andersen P, Foged N, Fuglsang G, et al. Adrenal function in children with bronchial asthma treated with beclomethasone dipropionate or budesonide. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1988;81(6):1088-95.
185. Pedersen S, Engelstatter R, Weber HJ, Hirsch S, Barkai L, Emeryk A, et al. Efficacy and safety of ciclesonide once daily and fluticasone propionate twice daily in children with asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2009;22(3):214-20.
186. Pedersen S, Garcia Garcia ML, Manjra A, Theron I, Engelstatter R. A comparative study of inhaled ciclesonide 160 microg/day and fluticasone propionate 176 microg/day in children with asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006;41(10):954-61.
187. Vermeulen JH, Gyurkovits K, Rauer H, Engelstatter R. Randomized comparison of the efficacy and safety of ciclesonide and budesonide in adolescents with severe asthma. Respir Med. 2007;101(10):2182-91.
188. von Berg A, Engelstatter R, Minic P, Sreckovic M, Garcia Garcia ML, Latos T, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of ciclesonide 160 microg once daily vs. budesonide 400 microg once daily in children with asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2007;18(5):391-400.
189. O’Connor B, Bonnaud G, Haahtela T, Luna JM, Querfurt H, Wegener T, et al. Dose-ranging study of mometasone furoate dry powder inhaler in the treatment of moderate persistent asthma using fluticasone propionate as an active comparator. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001;86(4):397-404.
190. Bernstein DI, Berkowitz RB, Chervinsky P, Dvorin DJ, Finn AF, Gross GN, et al. Dose-ranging study of a new steroid for asthma: mometasone furoate dry powder inhaler. Respir Med. 1999;93(9):603-12.
191. Chervinsky P, Nelson HS, Bernstein DI, Berkowitz RA, Siegel SC. Comparison of mometasone furoate administered by metered dose inhaler with beclomethasone dipropionate. Int J Clin Pract. 2002;56(6):419-25.
192. Nathan RA, Nayak AS, Graft DF, Lawrence M, Picone FJ, Ahmed T, et al. Mometasone furoate: efficacy and safety in moderate asthma compared with beclomethasone dipropionate. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001;86(2):203-10.
193. Bousquet J, D’Urzo A, Hebert J, Barraza CH, Boulet LP, Suarez-Chacon R, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of mometasone furoate dry powder inhaler to budesonide Turbuhaler. Eur Respir J. 2000;16(5):808-16.
194. Corren J, Berkowitz R, Murray JJ, Prenner B. Comparison of once-daily mometasone furoate versus once-daily budesonide in patients with moderate persistent asthma. Int J Clin Pract. 2003;57(7):567-72.
195. Noonan M, Leflein J, Corren J, Staudinger H. Long-term safety of mometasone furoate administered via a dry powder inhaler in children: Results of an open-label study comparing mometasone furoate with beclomethasone dipropionate in children with persistent asthma. BMC Pediatr. 2009;9:43.
196. Johnston SL, Pattemore PK, Sanderson G, Smith S, Lampe F, Josephs L, et al. Community study of role of viral infections in exacerbations of asthma in 9-11 year old children. BMJ. 1995;310(6989):1225-9.
197. Wilson NM. Virus infections, wheeze and asthma. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2003;4(3):184-92.
198. Akinbami LJ, Schoendorf KC. Trends in childhood asthma: prevalence, health care utilization, and mortality. Pediatrics. 2002;110(2 Pt 1):315-22.
199. Lougheed MD, Garvey N, Chapman KR, Cicutto L, Dales R, Day AG, et al. The Ontario Asthma Regional Variation Study: emergency department visit rates and the relation to hospitalization rates. Chest. 2006;129(4):909-17.
200. Martinez FD, Wright AL, Taussig LM, Holberg CJ, Halonen M, Morgan WJ. Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. The Group Health Medical Associates. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(3):133-8.
201. Ducharme FM, Lemire C, Noya FJ, Davis GM, Alos N, Leblond H, et al. Preemptive use of high-dose fluticasone for virus-induced wheezing in young children. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(4):339-53.
202. Bacharier LB, Phillips BR, Zeiger RS, Szefler SJ, Martinez FD, Lemanske RF, Jr., et al. Episodic use of an inhaled corticosteroid or leukotriene receptor antagonist in preschool children with moderate-to-severe intermittent wheezing. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(6):1127-35.e8.
203. Stark JM, Busse WW. Respiratory virus infection and airway hyperreactivity in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol.1991;2:95.
204. Jackson DJ. The role of rhinovirus infections in the development of early childhood asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;10(2):133-8.
205. Bardin PG, Johnston SL, Pattemore PK. Viruses as precipitants of asthma symptoms. II. Physiology and mechanisms. Clin Exp Allergy. 1992;22(9):809-22.
206. Sterk PJ. Virus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in man. Eur Respir J. 1993;6(6):894-902.
207. Duff AL, Pomeranz ES, Gelber LE, Price GW, Farris H, Hayden FG, et al. Risk factors for acute wheezing in infants and children: viruses, passive smoke, and IgE antibodies to inhalant allergens. Pediatrics. 1993;92(4):535-40.
208. Tan WC, Xiang X, Qiu D, Ng TP, Lam SF, Hegele RG. Epidemiology of respiratory viruses in patients hospitalized with near-fatal asthma, acute exacerbations of asthma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med. 2003;115(4):272-7.
209. Johnston SL, Bardin PG, Pattemore PK. Viruses as precipitants of asthma symptoms. III. Rhinoviruses: molecular biology and prospects for future intervention. Clin Exp Allergy. 1993;23(4):237-46.
210. Chauhan BF, Ben Salah R, Ducharme FM. Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;10:CD009585.
211. Rodrigo GJ, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Daily vs. intermittent inhaled corticosteroids for recurrent wheezing and mild persistent asthma: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Respir Med. 2013;107(8):1133-40.
212. Turpeinen M, Nikander K, Pelkonen AS, Syvanen P, Sorva R, Raitio H, et al. Daily versus as-needed inhaled corticosteroid for mild persistent asthma (The Helsinki early intervention childhood asthma study). Arch Dis Child. 2008;93(8):654-9.
213. Papi A, Nicolini G, Baraldi E, Boner AL, Cutrera R, Rossi GA, et al. Regular vs prn nebulized treatment in wheeze preschool children. Allergy. 2009;64(10):1463-71.
214. Zeiger RS, Mauger D, Bacharier LB, Guilbert TW, Martinez FD, Lemanske RF, Jr., et al. Daily or intermittent budesonide in preschool children with recurrent wheezing. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(21):1990-2001.
215. Martinez FD, Chinchilli VM, Morgan WJ, Boehmer SJ, Lemanske RF, Jr., Mauger DT, et al. Use of beclomethasone dipropionate as rescue treatment for children with mild persistent asthma (TREXA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9766):650-7.
216. Hawkins G, McMahon AD, Twaddle S, Wood SF, Ford I, Thomson NC. Stepping down inhaled corticosteroids in asthma: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2003;326(7399):1115.
217. Haahtela T, Jarvinen M, Kava T, Kiviranta K, Koskinen S, Lehtonen K, et al. Effects of reducing or discontinuing inhaled budesonide in patients with mild asthma. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(11):700-5.
218. Waalkens HJ, Van Essen-Zandvliet EE, Hughes MD, Gerritsen J, Duiverman EJ, Knol K, et al. Cessation of long-term treatment with inhaled corticosteroid (budesonide) in children with asthma results in deterioration. The Dutch CNSLD Study Group. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;148(5):1252-7.
219. Bateman ED, Jacques L, Goldfrad C, Atienza T, Mihaescu T, Duggan M. Asthma control can be maintained when fluticasone propionate/salmeterol in a single inhaler is stepped down. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117(3):563-70.
220. Lemanske RF, Jr., Sorkness CA, Mauger EA, Lazarus SC, Boushey HA, Fahy JV, et al. Inhaled corticosteroid reduction and elimination in patients with persistent asthma receiving salmeterol: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 2001;285(20):2594-603.
221. Godard P, Greillier P, Pigearias B, Nachbaur G, Desfougeres JL, Attali V. Maintaining asthma control in persistent asthma: comparison of three strategies in a 6-month double-blind randomised study. Respir Med. 2008;102(8):1124-31.
222. Brozek JL, Kraft M, Krishnan JA, Cloutier MM, Lazarus SC, Li JT, et al. Long-acting beta2-agonist step-off in patients with controlled asthma. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(18):1365-75.
223. Nelson HS, Weiss ST, Bleecker ER, Yancey SW, Dorinsky PM. The Salmeterol Multicenter Asthma Research Trial: a comparison of usual pharmacotherapy for asthma or usual pharmacotherapy plus salmeterol. Chest. 2006;129(1):15-26.
224. Chowdhury BA, Dal Pan G. The FDA and safe use of long-acting beta-agonists in the treatment of asthma. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(13):1169-71.
225. Chowdhury BA, Seymour SM, Levenson MS. Assessing the safety of adding LABAs to inhaled corticosteroids for treating asthma. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(26):2473-5.
226. Expert Panel Report 3 (EPR-3): Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma-Summary Report 2007. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120(5 Suppl):S94-138.
227. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) wmgu, info@mhra.gsi.gov. uk. Long-acting ß: reminder for use in children and adults 2010. Available from: http://www. mhra.gov.uk/Safetyinformation/DrugSafetyUpdate/CON093845.
228. Lougheed MD, Leniere C, Ducharme FM, Licskai C, Dell SD, Rowe BH, et al. Canadian Thoracic Society 2012 guideline update: Diagnosis and management of asthma in preschoolers, children and adults: executive summary. Can Respir J. 2012;19(6):e81-8.
229. Ducharme Francine M. Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2004; (1). Available from: http://www. mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD003133/frame.html.
230. Ni Chroinin M, Greenstone I, Lasserson Toby J, Ducharme Francine M. Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled steroids as first line therapy for persistent asthma in steroid-naive adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2009; (4). Available from: http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005307/frame.html.
231. Ducharme Francine M, Ni Chroinin M, Greenstone I, Lasserson Toby J. Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled steroids versus higher dose inhaled steroids in adults and children with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2010; (4). Available from: http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005533/frame.html.
232. Ducharme FM, Lasserson TJ, Cates CJ. Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long-acting beta2-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 (5):CD003137.
233. Castro-Rodriguez JA, Rodrigo GJ. A systematic review of long-acting ß2-agonists versus higher doses of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma. Pediatrics. 2012;130(3):e650-7.
234. de Blic J, Ogorodova L, Klink R, Sidorenko I, Valiulis A, Hofman J, et al. Salmeterol/fluticasone propionate vs. double dose fluticasone propionate on lung function and asthma control in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2009;20(8):763-71.
235. Gappa M, Zachgo W, von Berg A, Kamin W, Stern-Sträter C, Steinkamp G, et al. Add-on salmeterol compared to double dose fluticasone in pediatric asthma: a double-blind, randomized trial (VIAPAED). Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009;44(11):1132-42.
236. Vaessen-Verberne AA, van den Berg NJ, van Nierop JC, Brackel HJ, Gerrits GP, Hop WC, et al. Combination therapy salmeterol/fluticasone versus doubling dose of fluticasone in children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182(10):1221-7.
237. Castle W, Fuller R, Hall J, Palmer J. Serevent nationwide surveillance study: comparison of salmeterol with salbutamol in asthmatic patients who require regular bronchodilator treatment. BMJ. 1993;306(6884):1034-7.
238. Nelson HS, Weiss ST, Bleecker ER, Yancey SW, Dorinsky PM, Group SS. The Salmeterol Multicenter Asthma Research Trial: a comparison of usual pharmacotherapy for asthma or usual pharmacotherapy plus salmeterol. Chest. 2006;129(1):15-26.
239. Cates CJ, Stovold E, Wieland S, Oleszczuk M, Thomson D, Becker L. The Cochrane Library and safety of regular long-acting beta 2 – agonists in children with asthma: an overview of reviews. Evid Based Child Health. 2012;7:1798–1806. 2012;7:1798-806.
240. AstraZeneca. A 6 Month Safety Study Comparing Symbicort With Inhaled Corticosteroid Only in Asthmatic Adults and Adolescents – Full Text View – ClinicalTrials.gov 2013. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01444430.
241. GlaxoSmithKline. 6-month Safety and Benefit Study of ADVAIR in Children 4-11 Years Old – Full Text View – ClinicalTrials.gov 2013. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/ NCT01462344.
242. Merck. A Serious Asthma Outcome Study With Mometasone Furoate/Formoterol Versus Mometasone Furoate in Asthmatics 12 Years and Over (P06241 AM3) – Full Text View – ClinicalTrials.gov 2013. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01471340.
243. Jat GC, Mathew JL, Singh M. Treatment with 400 microg of inhaled budesonide vs 200 microg of inhaled budesonide and oral montelukast in children with moderate persistent asthma: randomized controlled trial. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;97(3):397-401.
244. Miraglia del Giudice M, Piacentini GL, Capasso M, Capristo C, Maiello N, Boner AL, et al. Formoterol, montelukast, and budesonide in asthmatic children: effect on lung function and exhaled nitric oxide. Respir Med. 2007;101(8):1809-13.
245. Simons FE, Villa JR, Lee BW, Teper AM, Lyttle B, Aristizabal G, et al. Montelukast added to budesonide in children with persistent asthma: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. J Pediatr. 2001;138(5):694-8.
246. Lemanske RF, Mauger DT, Sorkness CA, Jackson DJ, Boehmer SJ, Martinez FD, et al. Stepup therapy for children with uncontrolled asthma receiving inhaled corticosteroids. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(11):975-85.
247. O’Byrne PM, Bisgaard H, Godard PP, Pistolesi M, Palmqvist M, Zhu Y, et al. Budesonide/ formoterol combination therapy as both maintenance and reliever medication in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171(2):129-36.
248. Bisgaard H, Le Roux P, Bjamer D, Dymek A, Vermeulen JH, Hultquist C. Budesonide/formoterol maintenance plus reliever therapy: a new strategy in pediatric asthma. Chest. 2006;130(6):1733-43.
249. Vogelmeier C, D’Urzo A, Pauwels R, Merino JM, Jaspal M, Boutet S, et al. Budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy: an effective asthma treatment option? Eur Respir J. 2005;26(5):819-28.
250. Rabe KF, Atienza T, Magyar P, Larsson P, Jorup C, Lalloo UG. Effect of budesonide in combination with formoterol for reliever therapy in asthma exacerbations: a randomised controlled, double-blind study. Lancet. 2006;368(9537):744-53.
251. Bousquet J, Boulet LP, Peters MJ, Magnussen H, Quiralte J, Martinez-Aguilar NE, et al. Budesonide/formoterol for maintenance and relief in uncontrolled asthma vs. high-dose salmeterol/fluticasone. Respir Med. 2007;101(12):2437-46.
252. Kuna P, Peters MJ, Manjra AI, Jorup C, Naya IP, Martinez-Jimenez NE, et al. Effect of budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy on asthma exacerbations. Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61(5):725-36.
253. Rabe KF, Pizzichini E, Stallberg B, Romero S, Balanzat AM, Atienza T, et al. Budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler for maintenance and relief in mild-to-moderate asthma: a randomized, double-blind trial. Chest. 2006;129(2):246-56.
254. Agarwal R, Khan A, Aggarwal AN, Gupta D. Is the SMART approach better than other treatment approaches for prevention of asthma exacerbations? A meta-analysis. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2009;71(4):161-9.
255. Bateman ED, Harrison TW, Quirce S, Reddel HK, Buhl R, Humbert M, et al. Overall asthma control achieved with budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy for patients on different treatment steps. Respir Res. 2011;12:38.
256. Cates CJ, Lasserson TJ. Combination formoterol and budesonide as maintenance and reliever therapy versus inhaled steroid maintenance for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 (2):Cd007313.
257. Edwards SJ, von Maltzahn R, Naya IP, Harrison T. Budesonide/formoterol for maintenance and reliever therapy of asthma: a meta analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int J Clin Pract. 2010;64(5):619-27.
258. Cates CJ, Karner C. Combination formoterol and budesonide as maintenance and reliever therapy versus current best practice (including inhaled steroid maintenance), for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;4:Cd007313.
259. Cates CJ, Oleszczuk M, Stovold E, Wieland LS. Safety of regular formoterol or salmeterol in children with asthma: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;10:Cd010005.
260. Halpin DM. Symbicort: a pharmacoeconomic review. J Med Econ. 2008;11(2):345-62.
261. Miller E, Sears MR, McIvor A, Liovas A. Canadian economic evaluation of budesonide-formoterol as maintenance and reliever treatment in patients with moderate to severe asthma. Can Respir J. 2007;14(5):269-75.
262. Labre MP, Herman EJ, Dumitru GG, Valenzuela KA, Cechman CL. Public health interventions for asthma: an umbrella review, 1990-2010. Am J Prev Med. 2012;42(4):403-10.
263. Bernard-Bonnin AC, Stachenko S, Bonin D, Charette C, Rousseau E. Self-management teaching programs and morbidity of pediatric asthma: a meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995;95(1 Pt 1):34-41.
264. Wolf FM, Guevara JP, Grum CM, Clark NM, Cates CJ. Educational interventions for asthma in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003 (1):CD000326.
265. Coffman JM, Cabana MD, Halpin HA, Yelin EH. Effects of asthma education on children’s use of acute care services: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2008 Mar;121(3):575-86.
266. Bravata DM, Gienger AL, Holty JE, Sundaram V, Khazeni N, Wise PH, et al. Quality improvement strategies for children with asthma: a systematic review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009 Jun;163(6):572-81.
267. Bravata DM, Sundaram V, Lewis R, Gienger A, Gould MK, McDonald KM, et al. Closing the quality gap: a critical analysis of quality improvement strategies. Volume 5: Asthma care (Provisional abstract). AHRQ [Internet]. 2007:[1p.]. Available from: http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/cldare/articles/DARE-12007008412/frame.html.
268. Boyd M, Lasserson TJ, McKean MC, Gibson PG, Ducharme FM, Haby M. Interventions for educating children who are at risk of asthma-related emergency department attendance. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; (2):CD001290.
269. Tapp S, Lasserson TJ, Rowe B. Education interventions for adults who attend the emergency room for acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 (3):CD003000.
270. Gibson PG, Powell H, Coughlan J, Wilson AJ, Hensley MJ, Abramson M, et al. Limited (information only) patient education programs for adults with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002 (2):CD001005.
271. Bussey-Smith KL, Rossen RD. A systematic review of randomized control trials evaluating the effectiveness of interactive computerized asthma patient education programs. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007;98(6):507-16; quiz 16, 66.
272. Coffman JM, Cabana MD, Yelin EH. Do school-based asthma education programs improve self-management and health outcomes? Pediatrics. 2009 Aug;124(2):729-42.
273. Zemek RL, Bhogal SK, Ducharme FM. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials examining written action plans in children: what is the plan? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008 Feb;162(2):157-63.
274. Lefevre F, Piper M, Weiss K, Mark D, Clark N, Aronson N. Do written action plans improve patient outcomes in asthma? An evidence-based analysis. J Fam Pract. 2002;51(10):842-8.
275. Toelle BG, Ram FS. Written individualised management plans for asthma in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004 (2):CD002171.
276. Powell H, Gibson PG. Options for self-management education for adults with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003 (1):CD004107.
277. Bhogal Sanjit K, Zemek Roger L, Ducharme F. Written action plans for asthma in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2006; (3). Available from: http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005306/frame.html.
278. Gibson PG, Powell H. Written action plans for asthma: an evidence-based review of the key components. Thorax. 2004;59(2):94-9.
279. Ahmad E, Grimes DE. The effects of self-management education for school-age children onasthma morbidity: a systematic review. J Sch Nurs. 2011;27(4):282-92.
280. Kintner EK, Sikorskii A. Randomized clinical trial of a school-based academic and counseling program for older school-age students. Nurs Res. 2009;58(5):321-31.
281. McGhan SL, Wong E, Sharpe HM, Hessel PA, Mandhane P, Boechler VL, et al. A children’s asthma education program: Roaring Adventures of Puff (RAP), improves quality of life. Can Respir J. 2010;17(2):67-73.
282. Bruzzese JM, Sheares BJ, Vincent EJ, Du Y, Sadeghi H, Levison MJ, et al. Effects of a school-based intervention for urban adolescents with asthma. A controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(8):998-1006.
283. Terpstra JL, Chavez LJ, Ayala GX. An intervention to increase caregiver support for asthma management in middle school-aged youth. J Asthma. 2012;49(3):267-74.
284. Shah S, Peat JK, Mazurski EJ, Wang H, Sindhusake D, Bruce C, et al. Effect of peer led programme for asthma education in adolescents: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2001;322(7286):583-5.
285. Al-sheyab N, Gallagher R, Crisp J, Shah S. Peer-led education for adolescents with asthma in Jordan: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2012;129(1):e106-12.
286. Rhee H, Belyea MJ, Hunt JF, Brasch J. Effects of a peer-led asthma self-management program for adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;165(6):513-9.
287. Gibson PG, Shah S, Mamoon HA. Peer-led asthma education for adolescents: impact evaluation. J Adolesc Health. 1998;22(1):66-72.
288. Rhee H, McQuillan BE, Belyea MJ. Evaluation of a peer-led asthma self-management program and benefits of the program for adolescent peer leaders. Respir Care. 2012;57(12):2082-9.
289. Rhee H, Pesis-Katz I, Xing J. Cost benefits of a peer-led asthma self-management program for adolescents. J Asthma. 2012;49(6):606-13.
290. Hussain-Rizvi A, Kunkov S, Crain EF. Does parental involvement in pediatric emergency department asthma treatment affect home management? J Asthma. 2009;46(8):792-5.
291. Watson WT, Gillespie C, Thomas N, Filuk SE, McColm J, Piwniuk MP, et al. Small-group, interactive education and the effect on asthma control by children and their families. CMAJ. 2009;181(5):257-63.
292. Espinoza-Palma T, Zamorano A, Arancibia F, Bustos MF, Silva MJ, Cardenas C, et al. Effectiveness of asthma education with and without a self-management plan in hospitalized children. J Asthma. 2009;46(9):906-10.
293. Nelson KA, Highstein GR, Garbutt J, Trinkaus K, Fisher EB, Smith SR, et al. A randomized controlled trial of parental asthma coaching to improve outcomes among urban minority children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;165(6):520-6.
294. Ducharme FM, Zemek RL, Chalut D, McGillivray D, Noya FJ, Resendes S, et al. Written action plan in pediatric emergency room improves asthma prescribing, adherence, and control. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(2):195-203.
295. Ruiz-Canela-Caceres J, Aquino-Llinares N, Sanchez-Diaz JM, Garcia-Gestoso ML, de Jaime-Revuelta ME, Praena-Crespo M. Indicators for childhood asthma in Spain, using the Rand method. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2015 Mar-Apr;43(2):147-56
296. Indicadores 10. 2012.
297. To T, McLimont S, Daly C, Moores G, Gershon A, Lougheed D. Is it feasible to use indicators to collect data on asthma care performance in the primary care setting? A feasibility study. Prim Care Respir J. 2011;20(4):452-3. Epub 2011/09/23.
