En
Bibliografía
  1. Nelson HD. Menopause. Lancet. 2008;371:760-70.
  2. Jacobsen BK, Heuch I, Kvale G. Age at natural menopause and all-cause mortality: a 37-year follow-up of 19,731 Norwegian women. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157:923-9.
  3. Gold, EB, Colvin, A, Avis, N, et al. Longitudinal analysis of the association between vasomotor symptoms and race/ethnicity across the menopausal transition: study of women’s health across the nation. Am J Public Health. 2006;96:1226-35.
  4. De la Gándara J, Sánchez J, Díez MA, Monje E. Influencia de las actitudes, expectativas y creencias en la adaptación a la menopausia. Anales de Psiquiatría. 2003;8:329-336.
  5. Melby MK, Lock M, Kaufert P. Culture and symptom reporting at menopause. Hum Reprod Update. 2005;11:495-512.
  6. Sommer B, Avis N, Meyer P, Ory M, Madden T, Kagawa-Singer M, et al. Attitudes toward menopause and aging across ethnic/racial groups. Psychosom Med. 1999; 61:868-875.
  7. Dennerstein L, Dudley EC, Hopper JL, Guthrie JR, Burger HG. A prospective population-based study of menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:351-358.
  8. Robinson D, Cardozo L. The menopause and HRT. Urogenital effects of hormone therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;17:91-104.
  9. Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Risk and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women. Principal Results from the women’s Health Inititive Randomized Controlled Trial. 2002;288:321-333.
  10. Grupo de trabajo sobre GPC. Elaboración de Guías  de  Práctica  Clínica  en el Sistema Nacional de Salud.  Manual  Metodológico.  Madrid:  Plan Nacional para el SNS del MSC. Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud- I+CS; 2007. Guías de Práctica Clínica en el SNS.
  11. Grupo de trabajo de menopausia y postmenopausia. Guía de práctica clínica sobre la menopausia y postmenopausia. Barcelona: Sociedad Española de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Asociación Española para el Estudio de la Menopausia, Sociedad Española de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria.
  1. Schünemann HJ, Jaeschke R, Cook DJ, Bria WF, El-Solh AA, Ernst A, et al. ATS Documents Development and Implementation Committee. An official ATS statement: grading the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations in ATS guidelines and recommendations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 Sep 1;174:605-14.
  2. World Health Organization. Research on the menopause in  the    WHO Tech Rep Ser No. 866. Geneva: WHO, 1996.
  3. Cuadros J, Llaneza P, Mateu S. Demografía y epidemiología del climaterio en España. En Comino R. Ed. Libro Blanco de la Menoapusia en España. EMISA Ed. Madrid 2000;13-33.
  4. Gold EB, Bromberger J, Crawford S, Samuels S,  Greendale  GA,  Harlow SD et al. Factors associated with age at natural menopause in a multiethnic sample of midlife women. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153:865-74.
  5. Greene JG. A factor analytic study of climacteric symptoms. J Psychosom Res. 1976;20:425-30.
  6. Kupperman HS, Blatt MHG, Wiesbader H, Filler W: Comparative clinical evaluation of estrogen preparations by the menopausal and amenorrhoea indices. J Clin Endocrinol. 1953,13:688-703.
  7. Kupperman HS, Wetchler BB, Blatt MHG: Contemporary therapy of the menopausal syndrome. 1959,171:1627-37.
  8. Hilditch JR, Lewis J, Peter A, van Maris B, Ross A, Franssen E et al. A menopause-specific quality of life questionnaire: development and psychometric properties. 1996;24:161-75.
  9. Palacios S, Ferrer-Barriendos J, Parrilla JJ,  Castelo-Branco  C,  Manubens M, Alberich X et al. [Health-related quality of life in the Spanish women through and beyond menopause. Development and validation of  the Cercantes Scale]. Med Clin (Barc). 2004;122:205-11.
  10. Stearns V, Ullmer L, Lopez JF, Smith Y, Isaacs C, Hayes DF. Hot flushes. Lancet. 2002;360:1851-1861.
  11. Erlik Y, Tataryn IV, Meldrum DR, Lomax P, Bajorek JG, Judd HL. Association of waking episodes with menopausal hot flushes. 1981;245:1741-4.
  12. Huang AJ, Grady D, Jacoby VL, Blackwell TL, Bauer DC, Sawaya GF. Persistent hot flushes in older postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:840-6.
  13. Politi MC, Schleinitz MdD, Col NF. Revisiting the duration of vasomotor symptoms of menopause: a meta-analysis. J Gen Intern 2008;23:1507-13.
  14. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H, Gracia CR, Pien GW, Nelson DB et al. Symptoms associated with menopausal transition  and  reproductive hormones in midlife women. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110(2 Pt 1):230-40.
  1. Brown WJ, Mishra GD, Dobson A. Changes in physical symptoms  during the menopause transition. Int J Behav Med. 2002; 9:53-67.
  2. Hardy R, Kuh D. Change in psychological and vasomotor  symptom reporting during the menopause. Soc Sci Med. 2002;55:1975-88.
  3. Haas S, Schiff I. Síntomas de déficit de estrógenos. En Studd JWW, Whitehead M, editors. Barcelona: Carlos Alejandra  editor, 1990; 17-26.
  4. Dennerstein L, Guthrie J, Birkhauser M, Sherman S. Symptoms and the menopause. International Position Paper on Women’s Health and Menopause: A comprehensive Approach.  National  Institutes  of  Health 2002; 43-63.
  5. Mohyi D, Tabassi K, Simon J. Differential diagnosis of hot Maturitas. 1997;27:203-14.
  6. Robinson D, Cardozo L. The menopause and HRT. Urogenital effects of hormone therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;17:91-104.
  7. Grady D. Management of menopausal symptoms. New England Journal of Medicine. 2006;355:2338-47.
  8. Foxman B, Barlow R, D’Arcy H, Guillespie B, Sobel JD. Urinary tract infection: self reported incidence and associated costs. Annals of Epidemiology. 2000;10:509-15.
  9. Raz R, Gennesin Y, Wasser J, Stoler Z, Rosenfeld S, Rottensterich E, et al.Recurrent urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2000;30:152-6.
  10. Sherburn M, Guthrie JR, Dudley EC, O’Connell HE, Dennerstein L. Is incontinence associated with menopause? Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2001:98:628-33.
  11. Cody JD, Richardson K, Moehrer B, Hextall A, Glazener CMA. Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post-menopausal women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD001405. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD001405.pub2.
  12. Hickey M, Davis SR, Sturdee DW. Treatment of menopausal symptoms: what shall we do now? 2005;366:409-21.
  13. Nelson H, Haney E, Humphrey L, et al. Management of Menopause- Related Symptoms: Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 120. Rockville, Md: Agency for Healthcare Research and Ouality; 2005
  14. Rees M, Purdie DW (Eds.). Management of the menopause: the handbook. 4th edn. London/Marlow, 2006: Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd & British Menopause Society Publications Ltd.
  1. Roberts H. Managing the menopause. 2007:334:736-41.
  2. Avis NE, Bramblia D, MacKinlay SM, Vass K. A longitudinal analysis  of the association between menopause and depression: the results from the Massachusetts Women’s Health Study. Ann Epidemiol 1994;4:214-20.
  3. Dennerstein L, Guthrie J, Clark M, Lehert P, Henderson V. A population- based study of depressed mood in middle-aged Australian-born women. 2004;11:563-8.
  4. Vesco KK, Haney EM, Humphrey L, Fu R, Nelson HD. Influence of menopause on mood: a systematic review of cohort studies. Climacteric. 2007;10:448-65.
  5. Dennerstein L, Lehert P, Dudley E, Guthrie J. Factors contributing to positive mood during the menopausal J Nerv Ment Dis. 2001;189:84-89.
  6. Freeman E, Samuel M, Lin H, Nelson D. Associations of hormones and menopausal status with depressed mood in women with no history of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:375-82.
  7. Cohen L, Soares C, Vitonis A, Otto M, Harlow B. Risk of new onset of depression during the menopausal transition: the Harvard Study of Moods and Cycles. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:385-90.
  8. Bromberger J, Matthews K, Schott LL, Brockwell S, Avis NE, Kravitz HM, et Depressive symptoms during the menopausal transition: the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). J Affect Disord. 2007;103:267-72.
  9. Woods NF, Smith-DiJulio K, Percival DB, Tao EY,  Mariella  A, Mitchell ES. Depressed mood during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women’s Health  Menopause. 2008;15:223-32.
  10. Maartens LW, Knottnerus JA, Pop   VJ. Menopausal  transition  and increased depressive symptomatology: a  community-based  prospective study. Maturitas. 2002;42:195-200.
  11. Yaffe K, Sawaya G, Lieberburg I, Grady D. Estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998;279:688-695.
  12. Hogervorst E, Williams J, Budge M, Riedel W, Jolles J. The nature of the effect of female gonadal hormone replacement therapy on cognitive function in post-menopausal women: a meta-analysis. Neuro-science. 2000;101:485-512.
  13. Lethaby A, Hogervorst E, Richards M, Yesufu A, Yaffe K. Hormone replacement therapy for cognitive function in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD003122. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD003122.pub2.
  1. Hogervorst E, Yaffe K, Richards M, Huppert FAH. Hormone replacement therapy to maintain cognitive function in women with dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD003799. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD003799.pub2.
  2. Maki PM, Sundermann E. Hormone therapy and cognitive function. Human Reproduction Update. 2009;15:667-81.
  3. Dennerstein L, Dudley E, Burger H. Are changes in sexual functioning during midlife due to aging or menopause? Fertil Steril. 2001;76:456-60.
  4. Dennerstein L, Randolph J, Taffe J, Dudley E, Burger H. Hormones, mood, sexuality and the menopausal Fertil Steril. 2002;77(suppl 4):S42-8.
  5. Dennerstein L, Lehert P, Burger H, Guthrie J. Sexuality. Am J Med. 2005;118(suppl 2):59-63.
  6. Panay N, Dutta R, Ryan A. Crash course: obstetrics and gynaecology. Edinburgh, 2004: Mosby.
  7. Lauritzen C, Studd J. (Eds.) Current management of the menopause. Abingdon, Oxon, 2005: Taylor & Francis.
  8. The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of    Menopause  and osteoporosis update 2009. JOGC. 2009;31(suppl 1):1-46.
  9. Ferrara CM, Lynch NA, Nicklas BJ, Ryan AS, Berman DM. Differences in adipose tissue metabolism between postmenopausal and perimenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:4166-70.
  10. Toth MJ, Tchernof A, Sites CK, Poehlman ET. Effect of menopausal status on body composition and abdominal fat    Int  J  Obes  Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24:226-31.
  11. Poehlman ET, Toth MJ, Gardner AW. Changes in energy balance and body composition at menopause: a controlled longitudinal    Ann  Intern Med. 1995;123:673-75.
  12. Crawford SL, Casey VA, Avis NE, McKinlay SM. A longitudinal study of weight and the menopause transition: results from the Massachusetts Women’s Health Study. 2000;7:96-104.
  13. Gold EB, Sternfeld B, Kelsey JL, Brown C, Mouton C, Reame N, et al. Relation of demographic and lifestyle factors to symptoms in a multi- racial/ethnic population of women 40-55 years of age. Am J Epidemiol [Internet]. 2000 Sep 1 [cited 2014 Sep 29];152:463-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10981461
  14. Gold EB, Block G, Crawford S, Lachance L, FitzGerald G, Miracle H, et al. Lifestyle and demographic factors in relation to vasomotor symptoms: baseline results from the Study of Women’s  Health  Across  the Nation. Am J Epidemiol [Internet]. 2004 Jun 15 [cited 2014 Sep 29];159(12):1189-99. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15191936
  1. Greendale GA, Gold EB. Lifestyle factors: are they related to vasomotor symptoms and do they modify the effectiveness or side effects of hormone therapy? Am J Med [Internet]. 2005 Dec 19 [cited 2014 Sep 22];118 Suppl 148-54. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16414341
  2. Thurston RC, Sowers MR, Chang Y, Sternfeld B, Gold EB, Johnston JM, et Adiposity and reporting of vasomotor symptoms among midlife women: the study of women’s health across the nation. Am J Epidemiol [Internet]. 2008 Jan 1 [cited 2014 Sep 29];167(1):7&-B5. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  3. Thurston RC, Sowers MR, Sternfeld B, Gold EB, Bromberger J, Chang Y, et al. Gains in body fat and vasomotor symptom reporting over the menopausal transition: the study of women’s health across the nation. Am J Epidemiol [Internet]. 2009 Sep 15 [cited 2014 Sep 21];170(6):766-74. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2768523&tool=mcentrez&rendertype=abstract
  4. Thurston RC, Sowers MR, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Everson-Rose SA, Lewis TT, Edmundowicz D, et al. Abdominal adiposity and hot flashes among midlife Menopause [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 21];15(3):429-34. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid2875947&tool=pm centrez&rendertype=abstract
  5. Huang AJ, Subak LL, Wing R, West DS, Hernandez  AL,  Macer  J, Grady D; Program to Reduce Incontinence by Diet and Exercise Investigators. An intensive behavioral weight loss intervention and hot  flushes  in  Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:1161-7.
  6. Daley A, Stokes-Lampard H, Mutrie N, MacArthur C. Exercise for vasomotor menopausal Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD006108. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006108.pub2.
  7. Lindh-Ástrand L, Nedstrand E, Wyon, et al.Vasomotor symptoms and quality of life in previously sedentary postmenopausal women randomised to activity or estrogen therapy. 2003;48:97-105.
  8. Moriyama CK, Oneda B, Bernardo FR, et al. A randomized, placebo- controlled trial of the effects of physical exercises and estrogen therapy on health-related quality of life in postmenopausal women. 2008;15:613-8.
  9. Luoto R, Moilanen J, Heinonen R, Mikkola T, Raitanen J, Tomas E, Ojala K, Mansikkamáki K, Nygárd CH. Effect of aerobic training on hot flushes and quality of life–a randomized controlled Ann Med. 2012;44:616-26.
  10. Moilanen JM, Mikkola TS, Raitanen JA, Heinonen RH, Tomas EIl Nygárd CH, Luoto RM. Effect of aerobic training on menopausal symptoms–a randomized controlled trial. 2012;19:691-6.
  1. Mansikkamáki K, Raitanen J, Nygárd CH, Heinonen R, Mikkola T, EijaTomás, Luoto R. Sleep quality and aerobic training among menopausal women–a randomized controlled trial. 2012;72:339-45.
  2. Lee MS, Kim JI, Ha JY, Boddy K, Ernst E. Yoga for  menopausal  symptoms: a systematic review. 2009; 16:602-8.
  3. Stearns V, Ullmer L, Lopez JF, Smith Y, Isaacs C, Hayes DF. Hot flushes. Lancet. 2002;360:1851-1861.
  4. MacLennan AH, Broadbent JL, Lester S, Moore V. Oral oestrogen and combined oestrogen/progestogen therapy versus placebo for hot flushes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD002978. DOI: 1002/14651858.CD002978.pub2.
  5. Nelson HD, Miranda W, Zakher B, Mitchell J. Menopausal hormone therapy for the primary prevention of chronic conditions: a systematic review to update the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force   Ann Intern Med. 2012; 157: 104-13.
  6. Marjoribank J, Farquhar C, Roberts H, Lethaby A. Long term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012, issue 7. Art. No.: CD004143. DOI: 10.1002/ 14651858.CD004143.pub4.
  7. Greiser CM, Greiser EM, Doren M. Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of lung cancer-Systematic review and meta-analysis. 2010; 65: 198-204.
  8. Liu JH, Reape KZ, Hait HI. Synthetic conjugated estrogens-b and postmenopausal nocturnal vasomotor symptoms: A randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119(1):78-84.
  9. Brunner RL, Aragaki A, Barnabei V, Cochrane BB, Gass M, Hendrix S, et al. Menopausal symptom experience before and alter stopping estrogen therapy in the Women’s Health Initiative randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Menopause. 2010;17(5):946-54.
  10. Speroff L, Haney AF, Gilbert RD, Ellman  H;  Estradiol  Acetate  Investigator Group. Efficacy of a new, oral estradiol acetate formulation for relief of menopause symptoms. 2006;13:442-50.
  11. Utian WH, Speroff L, Ellman H, Dart C. Comparative controlled trial of a novel oral estrogen therapy, estradiol acetate, for relief of menopause symptoms. 2005;12:708-15.
  12. Liu J, Allgood A, Derogatis LR, Swanson S, O’Mahony M, Nedoss B et Safety and efficacy of low-dose esterified estrogens and methyltestosterone, alone or combined, for the treatment of hot flashes in menopausal women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Fertil Steril. 2011 Jan;95:366-8. Epub 2010 Sep 17.
  1. Cieraad D, Conradt C, Jesinger D, Bakowski M. Clinical study comparing the effects of sequential hormone replacement therapy with oestradiol/dydrogesterone and conjugated equine oestrogen/norgestrel on lipids and symptoms. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2006;274:74-80.
  2. Endrikat J, Graeser T, Mellinger U, Ertan K, Holz C. A multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to investigate the efficacy of a continuous-combined hormone therapy preparation containing 1mg estradiol valerate/2 mg dienogest on hot flushes in postmenopausal women. 2007; 58:201-7.
  3. Gambacciani M, Spielmann D, Genazzani AR. Efficacy on climacteric symptoms of a continuous combined regimen of 1 mg l7beta-estradiol and trimegestone versus two regimens combining 1 or 2 mg l7beta-estradiol and norethisterone Gynecol Endocrin. Gynecol Endocrinol_ 2005;21:65-73.
  4. Mattsson LA, Skouby SO, Heikkinen J, Vaheri R, Máenpáá J, Timonen U. A low-dose start in hormone replacement therapy provides a beneficial bleeding profile and few side-effects: randomized comparison with a conventional-dose regimen. 2004;7:59-69.
  5. Schürmann R, Holler T, Benda N. Estradiol and drospirenone for climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo- controlled study of the safety and efficacy of three dose Climacteric. 2004;7:189-96.
  6. Yu H, Racketa J, Chines AA, Mirkin S. Hot flush symptom-free days with bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens in postmenopausal women. 2013;16:252-7.
  7. Archer DF, Pickar JH, MacAllister DC, Warren Transdermal estradiol gel for the treatment of symptomatic postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2012;19:622-9.
  8. Simon JA, Bouchard C, Waldbaum A, Utian W, Zborowski J, Snabes MC. Low dose of transdermal estradiol ge1 for treatment of symptomatic postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;109:588-96.
  9. Hedrick RE, Ackerman RT, Koltun WD, Halvorsen MB, Lambrecht LJ. Transdermal estradiol gel 0.1 % for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women. 2009;16:132-40.
  10. Haines C, Yu SL, Hiemeyer F, Schaefers M. Micro-dose transdermal estradiol for relief of hot flushes in postmenopausal Asian women: a randomized controlled trial. 2009;12:419-26.
  11. Bachmann GA, Schaefers M, Uddin A, Utian WH. Lowest effective transdermal l7beta-estradiol dose for relief of hot flushes in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110:771-9.
  1. Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Risk and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women. Principal Results from the women’s Health Inititive Randomized Controlled Trial. 2002;288:321-333.
  2. Davis SR, Davison SL, Wilson S, Shepherd J, Lawton B. Intranasal versus transdermal matrix oestrogen replacement in  Australasian  Maturitas. 2005;51:163-71.
  3. Odabasi AR, Yuksel H, Demircan SS, Kacar DF, Culhaci N, Ozkara A prospective randomized comparative study of the effects of intranasal and transdermal 17 §-estradiol on postmenopausal symptoms and vaginal cytology. J Postgrad Med. 2007;53:221-7.
  4. Studd J, Pornel B, Marton I, Bringer J, Varin C, Tsouderos Y, et al. Efficacy and acceptability of intranasal 17 beta-oestradiol for menopausal symptoms: randomised dose-response study. Aerodiol Study Group. Lancet. 1999; 353: 1574-8.
  5. Panay N, Toth K, Pelissier C, Studd J. Dose-ranging studies of a novel intranasal estrogen replacement therapy. 2001;38 Suppl 1:S15-22.
  6. Mattsson LA, Christiansen C, Colau JC, Palacios S, Kenemans P, Bergeron C, et al. Clinical equivalence of intranasal and oral l7beta-estradiol for postmenopausal symptoms. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;182:545-552.
  7. Doren M, Azzawi FA, Donnez J, Van der Mooren MJ, Villero J, Gompel
    1. Therapeutic value and long-term safety of pulsed estrogen therapy. 2001;38 Suppl 1: S23-30.
  8. Ozsoy M, Oral B, Ozsoy Clinical equivalence of intranasal estradiol and oral estrogens for postmenopausal symptoms. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002;79:143-6.
  9. Gordon SF, Thompson KA, Ruoff GE, Imig JR, Lane PJ, Schwenker CE. Efficacy and safety of a seven-day, transdermal estradiol drug-delivery system: comparison with conjugated estrogens and   The Transdermal Estradiol Patch Study Group. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. 1995;40:126-34.
  10. Studd JW, McCarthy K, Zamblera D, Burger HG, Silberberg S, Wren B, et al. Efficacy and tolerance of Menorest compared to Premarin in the treatment of postmenopausal women. A randomised, multicentre, double- blind, double-dummy study. Maturitas. 1995;22:105-14.
  11. Pornel B. Efficacy and safety of Menorest in  two  positive-controlled  Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Bio1. 1996;64 Suppl:S35-7.
  12. Good WR, John VA, Ramirez M, Higgins JE. Comparison  of  Alora estradiol matrix transdermal delivery system with oral conjugated equine estrogen therapy in relieving menopausal symptoms. Alora Study Group. Climacteric. 1999;2:29-36.
  1. De Franciscis P, Cobellis L, Fornaro F, Sepe E, Torella M, Colacurci N. Low-dose hormone therapy in the perimenopause. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2007;98:138-42.
  2. Drapier-Faure E, Azoulay C, Abramovici Y. Acceptability of continuous combined versus cyclical HRT: a French multicentric randomized clinical study. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 2005;33:498-504.
  3. Cameron ST, Glasier AF, Gebbie A, Dewart H, Baird Comparison of a transdermal continuous combined and an interrupted progestogen HRT. Maturitas. 2006;53:19-26.
  4. Von Holst T, Salbach B. Efficacy of a new 7-day transdermal sequential estradiol/levonorgestrel patch in Maturitas. 2002;41:231-42.
  5. Cunha EP, Azevedo LH, Pompei LM, Strufaldi R, Steiner ML, Ferreira JA, et al. Effect of abrupt discontinuation versus gradual dose reduction of postmenopausal hormone therapy on hot Gimacteric. 2010;13:362-7.
  6. Lindh-Astrand L, Bixo M, Hirschberg AL, Sundstríim-Poromaa I, Hammar M. A randomized controlled study of taper-down or abrupt discontinuation of hormone therapy in women treated for vasomotor symptoms. Menopause. 2010;17:72-9.
  7. Aslan E, Bagis T, Kilicdag EB, Tarim E, Erkanli S, Kuscu How best is to discontinue postmenopausal hormone therapy: immediate or tapered? Maturitas. 2007;56:78-83.
  8. Haimov-Kochman R, Barak-Glantz E, Arbel R, Leefsma M, Brzezinski A, Milwidsky A, et al. Gradual discontinuation of hormone therapy does not prevent the reappearance of climacteric symptoms: a randomized prospective study. Menopause. 2006;13:370-6.
  9. Lethaby A, Marjoribanks J, Fronenberg F, Roberts H, Eden J, Brown J. Phytoestrogens formenopausal  vasomotor    Cochrane  Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD001395. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001395.pub4.
  10. Hogervorst E, Yaffe K, Richards M, Huppert FAH. Hormone replacement therapy to maintain cognitive function in women with dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD003799. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD003799.pub2.
  11. Farquhar C, Marjoribanks J, Lethaby A, Suckling JA, Lamberts   Long term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD004143. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004143.pub3.
  12. Shah NR, Borenstein J, Dubois RW. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2005; 12:668-78.
  1. Greiser CM, Greiser EM, Doren M. Menopausal hormone therapy  and risk of ovarian cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis.  Hum  Reprod Update. 2007; 13:453-63.
  2. Furness S, Roberts H, Marjoribanks J, Lethaby A, Hickey M, Farquhar C. Hormone therapy in postmenopausal women and risk of endometrial hyperplasia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. Art. No.:CD000402. DOI: 1002/14651858.CD0004.
  3. Sare GM, Gray LJ, Bath PM. Association between hormone replacement therapy and subsequent arterial and venous vascular events: a meta- analysis. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:2031-41.
  4. Canonico M, Plu-Bureau G, Lowe GD, Scarabin PY. Hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism in postmenopausal women: systematic review and meta-analysis. 2008; 336:1227-31.
  5. Kongnyuy EJ, Norman RJ, Flight IHK, ReesMC. Oestrogen and progestogen hormone replacement therapy for peri-menopausal and post- menopausal women: weight and body fat distribution. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1999, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD0010.
  6. Greising SM, Baltgalvis KA, Lowe DA, Warren GL. Hormone therapy and skeletal muscle strength: a meta-analysis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med 2009; 64:1071-81.
  7. Allen IE, Monroe M, Connelly J, Cintron R, Ross SD. Effect of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on dental outcomes: systematic review of the literature and pharmacoeconomic analysis. Managed Care Interface. 2000;13:93-9.
  8. The North American Menopause Society. Estrogen and progestogen use in postmenopausal women: 2010 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. 2010;17:242-55.
  9. Bullock JL, Massey FM, Gambrell D Jr. Use of medroxyprogesterone acetate to prevent menopausal symptoms. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975;46:165-8.
  10. Morrison JC, Martin DC, Blair RA, Anderson GD, Kincheloe BW, Bates GW, et The use of medroxyprogesterone acetate for relief of climacteric symptoms. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980;138:99-104.
  11. Schiff I, Tulchinsky D, Cramer D, Ryan KJ. Oral medroxyprogesterone in the treatment of postmenopausal JAMA. 1980;244:1443-5.
  12. Albrecht BH, Schiff I, Tuchinsky D, Ryan KJ. Objective evidence that placebo and oral medroxyprogesterone acetate therapy diminish menopausal vasomotor Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1981;139:631-5.
  1. Loprinzi CL, Michalak JC, Quella SK, O’Fallon JR, Hatfield Ak, Nelimark R A, et al. Megestrol acetate for the prevention of hot flashes. N Engl J Med. 1994;331: 347-52.
  2. Aslaksen K, Frankendal B. Effect of oral medroxyprogesterone acetate on menopausal symptoms in patients with endometrial Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1982;61:423-8.
  3. Spark MJ, Willis J. Systematic review of progesterone use by midlife and menopausal women. 2012. p. 192-202.
  4. Prior JC, Hitchcock CL. Progesterone for vasomotor symptoms: a 12-week randomized, masked placebo-controlled trial in healthy, normal-weight women 1-20 years since final menstrual Endocrine Rev. 2010;31(Suppl. 1):S51.
  5. Hitchcock CL, Prior JC. Oral micronized progesterone for vasomotor symptoms-a placebo-controlled randomized trial in healthy postmenopausal women. 2012; 19:886-93.
  6. Prior JC, Hitchcock CL. Progesterone for hot flush and  night  sweat treatment effectiveness for severe vasomotor symptoms and lack of withdrawal rebound. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012;28(Suppl. 2):7-11.
  7. Lobo RA, McCormick W, Singer F, Roy S. Depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate compared with conjugated estrogens for the treatment of postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol. 1984;63:1-5.
  8. Prior JC, Nielsen JD, Hitchcock CL, Williams LA, Vigna YM, Dean CB. Medroxyprogesterone and conjugated oestrogen are equivalent for hot flushes: a 1-year randomized double-blind trial following premenopausal ovariectomy. Clin Sci (Lond). 2007;112.
  9. Benster B, Carey A, Wadsworth F, Vashisht A, Domoney C, Studd J. A double-blind placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of progestelle progesterone cream on postmenopausal Menopause Int. 2009;15:63-9.
  10. Somboonporn W, Bell RJ, Davis SR. Testosterone for peri and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD004509. DOI: 1002/14651858.CD004509.pub2.
  11. Matthews KA, Owens JF, Salomon K, Harris KF, Berga SL. Influence of hormone therapy on the cardiovascular responses to stress of postmenopausal women. Biological Psychology. 2005;69:39-56.
  12. Warnock JK, Swanson SG, Borel RW, Zipfel LM, Brennan JJ. Combined esterified estrogens andmethyltestosterone versus esterified estrogens alone in the treatment of loss of sexual interest in surgically menopausal women. Menopause. 2005;12:374-84.
  13. Rymer J, Morris EP. Extracts from “Clinical evidence”: Menopausal symptoms. 2000;321:1516-9.
  1. Modelska K, Cummings Tibolone for postmenopausal women: systematic review of randomized trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:16-23.
  2. Landgren MB, Bennink HJ, Helmond FA, Engelen S. Dose-response analysis of effects of tibolone on climacteric BJOG. 2002;109:1109-14.
  3. Hammar ML, van de Weijer P, Franke HR, Pornel B, von Mauw EM, Nijland EA. Tibolone and low-dose continuous combined hormone treatment: vaginal bleeding pattern, efficacy and tolerability. 2007;114:1522-9.
  4. Somunkiran A, Ere1 CT, Demirci F, Senturk ML. The effect of tibolone versus l7beta-estradiol on climacteric symptoms in women with surgical menopause: a randomized, cross-over Maturitas. 2007;56:61-8.
  5. Swanson SG, Drosman S, Helmond FA, Stathopoulos VM. Tibolone for the treatment of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms and genital atrophy in postmenopausal women: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Menopause 2006;13:917-25.
  6. Meeuwsen IB, Samson MM, Duursma SA, Verhaar HJ. The influence of tibolone on quality of life in postmenopausal Maturitas. 2002;41:35-43.
  7. Rymer J, Morris EP. Extracts from “Clinical evidence”: Menopausal symptoms. 2000;321:1516-9.
  8. Modelska K, Cummings Tibolone for postmenopausal women: systematic review of randomized trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:16-23.
  9. Baracat EC, Barbosa IC, Giordano MG, Haidar MA, Marinho RM, Menegocci JC, et al. A randomized, open-label study of conjugated equine estrogens plus medroxyprogesterone acetate versus tibolone: effects on symptom control, bleeding pattern, lipid profile and Climacteric. 2002 Mar;5(1):60-9.
  10. Formoso G, Perrone E, Maltoni S, Bladuzzi S, D’Amico R, Bassi C, Basevi V, Marata AM, Magrini N, Maestri E. Short and long term effectos of tibolone in postmenopausal women (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD 0085
  11. Bouchard P, Panay N, de Villiers TJ, Vincendon P, Bao W, Cheng RF, Constantine G. Randomized placebo- and active-controlled study of desvenlafaxine for menopausal vasomotor Climacteric. 2012;15:12-20.
  12. Beral V. Million Women Study Collaborators. Breast cancer and hormone- replacement therapy in the Million Women Lancet. 2003;362:419-27.
  13. Shams T, Firwana B, Habib F, Alshahrani A, Alnouh B, Murad  MH, Ferwana M. SSRIs for Hot Flashes: A Systematic Review  and  Meta- Analysis of Randomized  J Gen Intern Med. 2013 Jul 26 [Epub ahead or print]. doi:10.1007/s11606-013-2535-9. PubMed.
  1. Pinkerton JV, Constantine G, Hwang E, Cheng RF. Desvenlafaxine compared with placebo for treatment of menopausal vasomotor symptoms: A 12-week, multicenter, parallel-group, randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled efficacy trial. Menopause. 2013;20:28-37.
  2. Pinkerton JV, Archer DF, Guico-Pabia CJ, Hwang E, Cheng RF. Maintenance of the efficacy of desvenlafaxine in menopausal vasomotor symptoms: a 1-year randomized controlled trial. Menopause. 2013;20:38-46.
  3. Archer DF, Pinkerton JV, Guico-Pabia CJ, Hwang E, Cheng RF; Study 3353 Investigators. Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and hepatic safety of desvenlafaxine for 1 year in women with vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause. 2013;20:47-56.
  4. Nelson HD, Vesco KK, Haney E, Fu R, Nedrow A, Miller J et al. Nonhormonal therapies for menopausal hot flashes: systematic review and meta-analysis. 2006;295:2057-71.
  5. Soares CN, Joffe H, Viguera AC, Petrillo L, Rydzewski M, Yehezkel R et al. Paroxetine versus placebo for women in midlife alter hormone therapy discontinuation. Am J Med. 2008;121:159-62.
  6. Stearns V, Beebe KL, lyengar M, Dube E. Paroxetine controlled release in the treatment of menopausal hot flashes: a randomized controlled  JAMA. 2003;289:2827-34.
  7. Stearns V, Slack R, Gree N, et al. Paroxetine is an effective  treatment  for hot flashes: results form a prospective randomized clinical trial. J  Clin  2005;23:6919-30.
  8. Kelly CM, Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Duong-Hua M, Pritchard KI, Austin  PC et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breast cancer mortality in women receiving tamoxifen: a population based cohort study. BMJ. 2010;340:c693.
  9. Simon JA, Portman DJ, Kaunitz AM, Mekonnen H, Kazempour K, Bhaskar S, et al. Low-dose paroxetine 7.5 mg for menopausal vasomotor symptoms: two randomized controlled trials. Menopause [Internet]. 2013 Oct [cited 2014 Oct 24];20(10):1027-35. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24045678
  10. Suvanto-Luukkonen E, Koivunen R, Sundstrom H, Bloigu R, Karjalainen E, Haiva-Mallinen L et al. Citalopram and fluoxetine in the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms: a prospective, randomized, 9-month, placebo- controlled, double-blind study. Menopause. 2005;12:18-26.
  11. Loprinzi CL, Sloan JA, Perez EA, Ouella SK, Stella PJ, Mailliard JA et al. Phase III Evaluation of Fluoxetine for treatment of hot   J  Clin  Oncol. 2002;20:1578-83.
  1. Loprinzi CL, Sloan J, Stearns V, Slack R, lyengar M, Diekmann B et al. Newer antidepressants and gabapentin for hot flashes: an individual patient pooled analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:2831-7.
  2. Wu M F, Hilsenbeck SG, Tham YL, Kramer R, Elledge RM, Chang J et al. The efficacy of sertraline for controlling hot flashes in women  with or at  high risk of developing breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009; 118:369-75.
  3. Grady D, Cohen B, Tice J, Kristof M, Olyaie  A,  Sawaya  Ineffectiveness of sertraline for treatment of menopausal hot flushes. Randomized controlled trial. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2007;109:823-30.
  4. Gordon PR, Kerwin JP, Green-Boesen K, Senf J. Sertraline to treat hot flashes: a randomized controlled, double-blind, crossover trial in a general population. 2006;13:568-75.
  5. Buijs C, Mom CH, Willemse PHB, Boezen HM, Maurer JM, Wymenga ANM et al. Venlafaxine versus clonidine for the treatment of hot flashes in breast cancer patients: a double-blind, randomized cross-over study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009;115:573-80.
  6. Loibl S, Schwedler k, von Minckwitz G, Strohmeier R, Mehta KM, Kaufmann M. Venlafaxine is superior to clonidine as  treatment  of  hot flashes in breast cancer patients. A double  blind  randomized  Annals of Oncology. 2007;18:689-93.
  7. Carpenter JS, Storniolo AM, Johns S, Monahan PO, Azzouz F, Elam JL et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trials of venlafaxine for hot flashes after breast Oncologist 2007;12:124-35.
  8. Loprinzi CL, Kugler JW, Sloan JA, Mailliard JA, LaVasseur BI, Barton DL et al. Venlafaxine in management of hot flashes in  survivors  of  breast cancer: a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2000;356:2059-63.
  9. Buijs C, Mom CH, Willemse PHB, Boezen HM, Maurer JM, Wymenga ANM et al. Venlafaxine versus clonidine for the treatment of hot flashes in breast cancer patients: a double-blind, randomized cross-over study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009;115:573-80.
  10. Sun Z, Hao Y, Zhang Efficacy and safety of desvenlafaxine treatment for hot flashes associated with menopause: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gynecol Obstet Invest [Internet]. 2013 Jan [cited 2014 Oct 24];75(4):255—Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23548358
  11. Barton DL, Lavasseur BI, Sloan JA, Stawis AN, Flynn KA, Dyar M, et al. Phase III, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Three Doses of Citalopram for the Treatment of Hot Flashes: NCCTG Trial N05C9. J Clin Oncol. 2010; 28:3278-83.
  1. Aguirre W, Chedraui P, Mendoza J, Ruilova I. Gabapentin low-dose transdermal estradiol for treating post-menopausal women with moderate to very severe hot flushes. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2010;26:333-7.
  2. Patorno E, Bohn RL, Wah1 PM, Avorn J, Patrick AR, Liu J et al. Anticonvulsant medications and the risk of suicide, attempted suicide, or violent death. 2010;303:1401-9.
  3. Loprinzi CL, Kugler JW, Barton DL, Dueck AC, Tschetter LK,  Nelimark RA et al. Phase III Trial of Gabapentin Alone or in Conjunction With an Antidepressant in the Management of Hot Flashes in Women Who Have Inadequate Control With an antidepressant alone: NCCTG N03C5. J Clin 2007 Jan 20;25:308-12.
  4. Nesheim BI, Saetre T. Reduction of menopausal hot flashes by methyldopa:  a double-blind crossover trial. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1981;20:413-6.
  5. Hammond MG, Hatley L, Talbert LM. A double blind study to evaluate the effect of methyldopa on menopausal vasomotor flushes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983; 58:1158-60.
  6. Andersen O, Engebretsen T, Solberg V M, Orbo A. Alpha-methyldopa for climacteric hot Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1986;65:405-9.
  7. Butt DAM, Lock MMCF, Lewis JEMMF, Ross SBMPM, Moineddin RP. Gabapentin for the treatment of menopausal hot flashes: a randomized controlled trial. 2008;15:310-8.
  8. Kimmick GG, Lovato J, McOuellon R, Robinson E, Muss HB. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of sertraline (Zoloft) for the treatment of hot flashes in women with early stage breast cancer taking tamoxifen. The Breast J. 2006;12:114-22.
  9. Reddy SYM, Warner HM, Guttuso TJM, Messing SM, DiGrazio WM, Thornburg LM et al. Gabapentin, Estrogen, and Placebo for Treating Hot Flushes: A Randomized Controlled Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108:41-8.
  10. Guttuso T, Kurlan R, McDermott MP, Kieburtz K. Gabapentin’s effects on hot flashes in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2003;101:337-45.
  11. Pandya KJ, Morrow GR, Roscoe JA, Zhao H, Hickok JT, Pajon E et al. Gabapentin for hot flashes in 420 women with breast cancer: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet. 2005;366:818-24.
  12. Knight DC, Eden JA. A review of the clinical effects of phytoestrogens. Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 1996 May [cited 2014 Sep 23];87(5 Pt 2):897-904. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8677131
  13. Melby MK, Lock M, Kaufert P. Culture and symptom reporting at menopause. Hum Reprod Update [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 15];11(5):495—512 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15919681
  1. Nedrow A, Miller J, Walker M, Nygren P, Huffman LH, Nelson HD. Complementary and alternative therapies for the management of menopause- related symptoms: a systematic evidence review. Arch Intern Med [Internet]. 2006 Jul 24 [cited 2014 Sep 23];166(14):1453W5. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16864755
  2. Bolaños R, Del Castillo A, Francia J. Soy isoflavones versus placebo in the treatment of climacteric vasomotor symptoms: Systematic review and meta- analysis. 2010. 17: 660-6.
  3. Taku K, Melby MK, Kronenberg F, Kurzer MS, Messina M. et al. Extracted or synthesized soybean isoflavones reduce menopausal hot flash frequency and severity: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Menopause. 2012;19:776-90.
  4. Bolaños-Díaz R, Zavala-Gonzales JC, Mezones-Holguín E, Francia-Romero J. Soy extracts versus hormone therapy for reduction of menopausal hot flushes: Indirect comparison. Menopause. 2011; 18: 825-9.
  5. Lipovac M, Chedraui P, Gruenhut C, Gocan A, Kurz C, Neuber B, et al. The effect of red clover isoflavone supplementation over vasomotor and menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2012; 28: 203-7.[Incluído en T].
  6. Ciaci A, Cicero AFG, Colacurci N, Matarazzo MG, De Leo V. Activity of isoflavones and berberine on vasomotor symptoms and lipid profile in menopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2012; 28: 699-702.
  7. Aso T, Uchiyama S, Matsumura Y, Taguchi M, Nozaki M, Takamatsu K, et al. A natural S-equol supplement alleviates hot flushes and other menopausal symptoms in equol nonproducing postmenopausal Japanese women. J Women’s Health. 2012;21:92-100.
  8. Ye YB, Wang Z-L, Zhuo S-Y, Lu W, Liao H-F, Verbruggen M, et al. Soy germ isoflavones improve menopausal symptoms but have no effect on blood lipids in early postmenopausal Chinese women: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. 2012;19:791-8.
  9. Jou HJ, Wu SC, Chang FW, Ling PY, Chu KS, Wu WH. Effect of intestinal production of equol on menopausal symptoms in women treated with soy isoflavones. Int J Gynecol Obstetr 2008;102: 44-9.
  10. Colli MC, Bracht A, Soares AA, de Oliveira AL, Boer CG, de Souza CGM, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of flaxseed meal and flaxseed extract in reducing menopausal symptoms. J Med Food 2012; 15: 840-5.
  11. Hanachi P, Golkho S. Assessment of soy phytoestrogens and exercise on lipid profiles and menopause symptoms in menopausal J Biological Sci 2008;8:789-93.
  1. Ferrari A. Soy extract phytoestrogens with high dose of isoflavones for menopausal symptoms. Journal of Obstetric and Gynaecological Research 2009;35:1083-90.
  2. Del Giorno C, Maggio da Fonseca A, Bagnoli VR, Serrano de Assis J, Soares IM, Baracat EC. Effects of trifolium pratense on climacteric and sexual symptoms in postmenopausal Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira 2010;56:558—62.
  3. Bicca MN, De O,Horta BL, Lethaby   Double-blind  ranbdomized  clinical trial to assess the effectiveness of soy isoflavones in the relieve of climateric symptoms (Unpublished study).
  4. Campagnoli C, Abbá C, Ambroggio S, Peris C, Perona M, Sanseverino P. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) might reduce hot flushes: an indication from two controlled trials on soy isoflavones alone and with a PUFA supplement. Maturitas [Internet]. 2005 Jun 16 [cited 2014 Sep 24];51(2):127-34. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0378512204003627
  5. Han KK, Soares JM, Haidar MA, de Lima GR, Baracat EC. Benefits of soy isoflavone therapeutic regimen on menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2002 Mar [cited 2014 Sep 24];99(3):389-94. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11864664
  6. Khaodhiar L, Ricciotti HA, Li L, Pan W, Schickel M, Zhou J, et Daidzein-rich isoflavone aglycones are potentially effective in reducing hot flashes in menopausal women. Menopause [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 24];15(1):125-32. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid= 3207039&tool = pmce ntrez&rendertype = abstract
  7. Penotti M, Fabio E, Modena AB, Rinaldi  M, Omodei  U, Viganó  Effect of soy-derived isoflavones on hot flushes, endometrial thickness, and the pulsatility index of the  uterine  and  cerebral  arteries.  Fertil  Steril  [Internet]. 2003 May [cited 2014 Sep 24];79(5):1112-7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12738504
  8. Upmalis DH, Lobo R, Bradley L, Warren M, Cone FL, Lamia Vasomotor symptom relief by soy isoflavone extract tablets in  postmenopausal women: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo- controlled study. Menopause [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 24];7(4):236W2. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10914616
  9. Nahas EAP, Nahas-Neto J, Orsatti FL, Carvalho EP, Oliveira MLCS, Dias R. Efficacy and safety of a soy isoflavone extract in  postmenopausal  women: a randomized, double-blind,  and  placebo-controlled  study. Maturitas [Internet]. 2007 Nov 20 [cited 2014 Sep  23];58(3):249-58. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17913408
  1. Levis S, Strickman-Stein N, Ganjei-Azar P, Xu P, Doerge  D,  Krischer  Soy isoflavones in the prevention of menopausal bone loss and menopausal symptoms. Arch Intern Med 2011;171(15):1363-8.
  2. Faure ED, Chantre P, Mares P. Effects of a standardized soy extract on hot flushes: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Menopause. 9(5):329-34.
  3. Kaari C, Haidar MA, Júnior JMS, Nunes MG, Quadros  LG  de A, Kemp C, et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing conjugated equine estrogens and isoflavones in postmenopausal women: a pilot study. Maturitas [Internet]. 2006 Jan 10 [cited 2014 Sep 26];53(1):49-58. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16257151
  4. Evans M, Ellito JG, Sharma P, Berman R, Guthrie N. The effect of synthetic genistein on menopause symptom management in healthy postmenopausal women: a multicenter, randomised, placebo-controlled study. Maturitas 2011;68:189-96.
  5. Crisafulli A, Marini H, Bitto A, Altavilla D, Squadrito G, Romeo  A, et al. Effects of genistein on hot flushes in early postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind EPT- and placebo-controlled  Menopause [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 15];11(4):400-4. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15243277
  6. D’Anna R, Cannata ML, Marini H, Atteritano M, Cancelheri F, Corrado F, et al. Effects of the phytoestrogen genistein on hot flushes, endometrium, and vaginal epithehum in postmenopausal women: a 2-year randomized, double- blind, placebo-controlled study. Menopause [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 26];16(2):301a. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19034051
  7. Agosta C, Atlante M, Benvenuti   Randomized  controlled  study  on clinical efficacy of isodavones plus Lactobacillus sporogenes, associated or not with a natural anxiolytic agent in  menopause.  Minerva  Ginecol [Internet]. 2011 Mar [cited 2014 Sep 29];63(1):11-7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21311416
  8. Cheng G, Wilczek B, Warner M, Gustafsson J-A, Landgren B-M. Isoflavone treatment for acute menopausal symptoms. Menopause [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 26];14(3 Pt 1):468-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17290160
  9. Albertazzi P, Pansini F, Bonaccorsi G, Zanotti L, Forini E, De Aloysio  The effect of dietary soy supplementation on hot flushes. Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 1998 Jan [cited 2014 Sep 29];91(1):6-11. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9464712
  10. Brzezinski A, AdlercreutzH, Shaoul R, Rosler A, Shmueli A, Tanos V, Schenker JG. Short-term effects of phytoestrogen-rich diet on postmenopuasal women. Menopause: The Journal of the North American Menopuase Society. 1997;4:89-94.
  1. Cheng G, Wilczek B, Warner M, Gustafsson J-A, Landgren B-M. Isoflavone treatment for acute menopausal symptoms. Menopause [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 26];14(3 Pt 1):468-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17290160
  2. Carmigiani LO, Pedro AO, Cost-Paiva LH, Pinto-Neto AM. The effect of dietary soy supplementation compared to estrogen and placebo on menopausal symptoms: a randomised controlled trial. Maturitas 2010;67:262-9.
  3. Radhakrishnan G, Agarwal N, Vaid N. Evaluation of isoflavone rich soy protein supplementation for postmenopausal therapy. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2009;8:1009-17. Radhakrishnan G, Agarwal N, Vaid  Evaluation of isoflavone rich soy protein supple.
  4. Balk JL, Whiteside DA, Naus G, DeFerrari E, Roberts JM. A pilot study of the effects of phytoestrogen supplementation on postmenopausal endometrium. J Soc Gynecol Investig [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 29];9(4):238-242. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12113884
  5. Burke GL, Legault C, Anthony M, Bland DR, Morgan TM, Naughton MJ, et al. Soy protein and isoflavone effects on vasomotor symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women: the Soy Estrogen Alternative Study. Menopause [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 29];10(2):147-53. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12627040
  6. Dalais FS, Rice GE, Wahlqvist ML, Grehan M, Murkies AL, Medley  G, et al. Effects of dietary phytoestrogens in postmenopausal women. Climacteric [Internet]. 1998 Jun [cited 2014 Sep 29];1(2):124-9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11907915
  7. Knight DC, Howes JB, Eden JA, Howes LG. Effects on menopausal symptoms and acceptability of isoflavone-containing soy powder dietary supplementation. Climacteric [Internet]. 2001 Mar [cited 2014 Sep 29];4(1):13-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11379373
  8. Kotsopoulos D, Dalais FS, Liang YL, McGrath BP, Teede HJ. The effects of soy protein containing phytoestrogens on menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women. Climacteric [Internet]. 2000 Sep [cited 2014 Sep 29];3(3):161-7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11910617
  9. Lewis JE, Nickell LA, Thompson LU, Szalai JP, Kiss A, Hilditch JR. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of dietary soy and flaxseed mullins on quality of life and hot flashes during menopause. Menopause [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 22];13(4):631-42. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16837885
  10. St Germain A, Peterson CT, Robinson JG, Alekel DL. Isoflavone-rich or isoflavone-poor soy protein does not reduce menopausal symptoms during 24 weeks of Menopause [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 16];8(1):17-26. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11201510
  1. Heyerick A, Vervarcke S, Depypere H, Bracke M, De Keukeleire D. A first prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the use of a standardized hop extract to alleviate menopausal discornlorts. Maturitas [Internet]. 2006 May 20 [cited 2014 Sep 29];54(2):164-75. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16321485
  2. Heger M, Ventskovskiy BM, Borzenko I, Kneis KC, Rettenberger R, Kaszkin-Bettag M, et al. Efficacy and safety of a special extract of Rheum rhaponticum (ERr 731) in perimenopausal women with climacteric complaints: a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Menopause [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 29];13(5):744-59. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16894335
  3. Tempfer CB, Froese G, Heinze G, Bentz E-K, Hefler LA, Huber JC. Side effects of phytoestrogens: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Med [Internet]. 2009 Oct [cited 2014 Sep 25];122(10):939W6.e9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19786161
  4. Velentzis LS, Cantwell MM, Cardwell C, Keshtgar MR, Leathem AJ, Woodside J Lignans and breast cancer risk in pre- and post-menopausal women: meta- analyses of observational studies. Br J Cancer [Internet]. 2009 May 5 [cited 2014 Sep 29];100(9):1492—B. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid = 2694431&tool = pmcentrez&rendertype = abstract
  5. Leach MJ, Moore V. Black cohosh (Cimicifuga spp.) for menopausal symptoms. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012, issue 9. Art. No.: CD007244. DOI: 1002/14651858.CD007244.pub2.
  6. Laakmann E, Grajecki D, Doege K, zu Eulenburg C, Buhling    Efficacy of Cimi fuga Racemosa, Hypericum perforatum and Agnus castus in the treatment of climacteric complaints: a systematic review.  Gynecol Endocrinol. 2012; 28: 703-9.
  7. Naser B, Schnitker J, Minkin MJ, de Arriba SG, Nolte K-U, Osmers R. Suspected black cohosh hepatotoxicity: no evidence by meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials for isopropanolic black cohosh extract. 2011; 18: 366-75.
  8. Ross SM. Menopause: a standardized isopropanolic black cohosh extract (remifemin) is found to be safe and effective for menopausal symptoms. Holist Nurs Pract. 2012; 26: 58-61.
  9. Lee MS, Shin B-C, Yang EJ, Lim H-J, Ernst E. Maca (Lepidium meyenii)  for treatment of menopausal symptoms: A systematic review.  2011; 79: 227-33.
  10. Kim SY, Seo SK, Choi YM, Jeon YE, Lim KJ, Cho S, et al. Effects of red ginseng supplementation on menopausal symptoms and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Menopause. 2012;19:461-6.
  1. Nahidi F, Kariman N, Simbar M, Mojab F. The study on the effects of Pimpinella anisum on relief and recurrence of menopausal hot  Iranian J Pharmaceutical Res. 2012;11:1079-85.
  2. Nahidi F, Zare E, Mojab F, Alavi-Majd H. Effects of licorice on relief and recurrence of menopausal hot flashes. Iranian J Pharmaceutical Res.2012; 11:541-8.
  3. Mirabi P, Mojab F. The effects of valerian root on  hot  flashes  in menopausal women. Iranian J Pharmaceutical Res. 2013;12:217-22.
  4. Van Die MD, Burger HG, Bone KM, Cohen MM, Teede HJ. Hypericum perforatum with Vitex agnus-castus in menopausal symptoms: a randomized, controlled trial. Menopause [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 29];16(1):15W3. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18791483
  5. Abdali K, Khajehei M, Tabatabaee HR. Effect of St John’s wort on severity, frequency, and duration of hot flashes in  premenopausal,  perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Menopause [Internet]. 2010 Mar [cited 2014 Sep 29];17(2):32ó—31. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20216274
  6. Uebelhack R, Blohmer J-U, Graubaum H-J, Busch R, Gruenwald J, Wernecke K-D. Black cohosh and John’s wort for climacteric complaints: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2006 Mar [cited 2014 Sep 29];107(2 Pt 1):247-55. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16449108
  7. Ernst E. Second thoughts about safety of St John’s wort. Lancet [Internet]. 1999 Dec 11 [cited 2014 Sep 29];354(9195):2014-6. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636361
  8. Hammerness P, Basch E, Ulbricht C, Barrette E-P, Foppa I, Basch S, et al. St John’s wort: a systematic review of adverse effects and drug interactions for the consultation psychiatrist. Psychosomatics [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 29];44(4):271-82. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12832592
  9. Knüppel L, Linde K. Adverse effects of St. John’s Wort: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry [Internet]. 2004 Nov [cited 2014 Sep 29];65(11):1470—9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15554758
  10. Whitten DL, Myers SP, Hawrelak JA, WoNmuth The effect of St John’s wort extracts on CYP3A: a systematic review of prospective chnical trials. Br J Clin Pharmacol [Internet]. 2006 Nov [cited 2014 Sep 29];62(5):512-26. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid = 1885170&tool = pmce ntrez&rendertype = abstract
  11. Brooks NA, Wilcox G, Walker KZ, Ashton JF, Cox MB, Stojanovska L. Beneficial effects of Lepidium meyenii (maca) on psychological symptoms and measures of sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women are not related to estrogen or androgen Menopause. 2008;15:1157-62.
  1. Meissner HO, Reich-Bilinska H, Mscisz A, Kedzia B. Therapeutic effects of pre-gelatinized organic maca (Lepidium peruvanum chacon) used as a nonhormonal alternative to HRT in perimenopausal women-clinical pilot study. Int J Biomed Sci 2006;2:143-59.
  2. Meissner HO, Mscisz A, Reich-Bilinska H, Kapczynski W, Mrozikiewicz P, Bobkiewicz-Kozlowska T, Kedzia B, Lowicka A, Barchia I. Hormone- Balancing Effect of Pre-Gelatinized Organic Maca (Lepidium peruvianum Chacon): (II) Physiological and Symptomatic Responses of Early- Postmenopausal Women to Standardized doses of Maca in Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Multi-Centre Clinical Study. Int J Biomed Sci. 2006 Dec;2(4):360-74.
  3. Chen HY, Cho WCS, Sze SCW, Tong Y. Treatment of menopausal symptoms with Er-xian decoction: a systematic review. Am J Chin Med [Internet]. 2008 Jan [cited 2014 Sep 29];36(2):233-44. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18457358
  4. Jeri A.The Use of an Isoflavone Supplement to Relieve Hot Flushes [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 29]. Available from: http://promensil.ca/en/hcp/PDF/jeriPromensil.pdf
  5. Tice JA, Ettinger B, Ensrud K, Wallace R, Blackwell T, Cummings SR. Phytoestrogen supplements for the treatment of hot flashes: the Isoflavone Clover Extract (ICE) Study: a  randomized  controlled    JAMA [Internet]. 2003 Jul 9 [cited 2014 Sep 29];290(2):207-14. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12851275
  6. Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios [Internet]. Comunicación sobre riesgos de medicamentos para profesionales sanitarois; ref:2006/06 [citado 20 Jul 2006]. Nota Informativa: extracto de la raíz de “Cimifuga Racemosa” y lesiones hepáticas.
  7. Al-Akoum M, Maunsell E, Verreault R, Provencher L, Otis H, Dodin S. Effects of Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) on hot  flashes  and  quality of life in perimenopausal women: a randomized  pilot  Menopause [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 29];16(2):307-14. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19194342
  8. Lee MS, Shin BC, Ernst E. Acupuncture for treating menopausal  hot  flushes: a systematic review. 2009;12:16-25.
  9. Venzke L, Calvert JF Jr, Gilbertson B. A randomized trial of acupuncture for vasomotor symptoms in post-menopausal women. Complement Ther Med. 2010;18:59-66.
  10. Sunay D, Ozdiken M, Arslan H, Seven A, Aral Y. The effect of acupuncture on postmenopausal symptoms and reproductive hormones: a sham controlled clinical trial. Acupunct Med. 2011;29:27-31.
  1. Painovich JM, Shufelt CL, Azziz R, Yang Y, Goodarzi MO, Braunstein GD, Karlan BY, Stewart PM, Merz CN. A pilot randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial of traditional acupuncture for vasomotor symptoms and mechanistic pathways of Menopause. 2012;19:54-61.
  2. Cho SH, Whang WW. Acupuncture for  vasomotor  menopausal  symptoms: a systematic review. Menopause. 2009;16:1065-73.
  3. Borud EK, Alraek T, White A, Fonnebo V, Eggen AE, Hammar M, Astrand LL, Theodorsson E, Grimsgaard S. The Acupuncture on Hot Flushes Among Menopausal Women (ACUFLASH) study, a randomized controlled trial. 2009;16:484-93.
  4. Park JE, Lee MS, Jung S et al. Moxibustion for treating menopausal hot flashes: a randomized clinical trial. 2009;16:660-5.
  5. O’Brien KA, Varigos E, Black C, Komesaroff PA. Laser acupuncture does not improve menopausal symptoms. 2010;17:636-41.
  6. Kim DI, Jeong JC, Kim KH, Rho JJ, Choi MS, Yoon SH, et al. Acupuncture for hot flushes in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: a randomised, sham-controlled trial. Acupunct Med. 2011;29:249-56.
  7. Zhou J, Ou F, Sang X, Wang X, Nan R. Acupuncture and auricular acupressure in relieving menopausal hot flashes of bilaterally ovariectomized chinese women: a randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:713274. doi: 1093/e.
  8. Tremblay A, Sheeran L, Aranda SK. Psychoeducational interventions to alleviate hot flashes: a systematic Menopause. 2008;15:193-202.
  9. Keefer L, Blanchard EB. A behavioral group treatment program for menopausal hot flashes: results of a pilot study. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2005; 30:21-30.
  10. Anarte MT, Cuadros JL, Herrera J. Hormonal and psychological treatment: therapeutic alternative for menopausal women? 1998;29:203-13.
  11. Carmody JF, Crawford S, Salmoirago-Blotcher E, Leung K, Churchill L, Olendzki N. Mindfulness training for coping with hot flashes: results of a randomized trial. 2011;18:611-20.
  12. Innes KE, Selfe TK, Vishnu A. Mind-body therapies for menopausal symptoms: A systematic review. 2010;66:135-49.
  13. Lindh-Astrand L, Nedstrand E. Effects of applied relaxation on vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. 2013;20:401-8.
  14. Irvin JH, Domar AD, Clark C, Zuttermeister  PC, Friedman  The effects  of relaxation response training on menopausal symptoms. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1996;17:202-7.
  1. Freedman RR, Woodward S. Behavioral treatment of menopausal  hot flushes: evaluation by ambulatory monitoring. American Journal of  Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992;167:436-9.
  2. Rankin M. Effect of low frequency sound on  menopausal  Journal of Holistic Nursing. 1989;7:34-41.
  3. Germaine LM, Freedman RR. Behavioral treatment of menopausal hot flashes: evaluation by objective methods. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.1984;52:1072-9.
  4. Nedstrand E, Wijma K, Wyon Y, Hammar M. Applied relaxation and oral estradiol treatment of vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women. 2005;51:154-62.
  5. Williamson J., White A., Hart A. & Ernst E. Randomised controlled trial of reflexology for menopausal symptoms. 2002;109:1050—5.
  6. Hur MH, Yang YS, Lee MS. Aromatherapy massage affects menopausal symptoms in korean climacteric women: a pilot-controlled clinical trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2008;5:325-8.
  7. Ziaei S, Kazemnejad A, Zareai M. The effect of vitamin E on hot flashes in menopausal women. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2007;64:204-7.
  8. Lucas M, Asselin G, Merette C, Poulin MJ, Dodin S. Effects of ethyl- eicosapentaenoic acid omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on hot flashes and quality of life among middle-aged women: a double-blind, placebo- controlled, randomized clinical trial. 2009;16:357-66.
  9. Guttuso T, McDermott MP, Su H, Kieburtz K. Effects of L-isoleucine and L-valine on hot flushes and serum homocysteine: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112:109-15.
  10. Pandit S, Umbardand S, Ghodake V, Vats U, Tayade H, Rathod 0. Evaluation Of The Efficacy And Tolerability Of Micronutrient Supplementation In Treatment Of Post Menopausal Symptoms. Intern J Genomics 2012; 6. [4 p]. Disponible en: http://isp.
  11. Pastore LM, Carter RA, Hulka BS, Wells E. Self-reported urogenital symptoms in postmenopausal women: Women’s Health Initiative. 2004;49:292-303.
  12. Stenberg A, Heimer G, Ulmsten U, Cnattingius S. Prevalence of genitourinary and other climacteric symptoms in 61-year-o1d Maturitas. 1996;24:31-6.
  13. Gold EB, Sternfeld B, Kelsey JL, Brown C, Mouton C, Reame N, et al. Relation of demographic and lifestyle factors to symptoms in a multi- racial/ethnic population of women 40-55 years of age. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152:463-73.
  1. Suckling JA,Kennedy R, Lethaby A, RobertsH. Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD001500. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001500.pub2.
  2. Galhardo CL, Soares JM Jr, Simoes RS, Haidar MA, Rodrigues de Lima G, Baracat EC. Estrogen effects on the vaginal pH, flora and cytology in late postmenopause after a long period without hormone therapy. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 33:85-9.
  3. Simon JA, Reape KZ, Wininger S, Hait H. Randomized, multicenter, double- blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of synthetic conjugated estrogens B for the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy in healthy postmenopausal Fertil Steril. 2008;90:1132-8. Epub 2007 Dec 3.
  4. Freedman M, Kaunitz AM, Reape KZ, Hait H, Shu H. Twice-weekly synthetic conjugated estrogens vaginal cream for the treatment of vaginal atrophy. 2009; 16:735-41.
  5. Bachmann G, Lobo RA, Gut R, Nachtigall L, Notelovitz M. Efficacy of low-dose estradiol vaginal tablets in the treatment of atrophic vaginitis: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2008; 111:67-76.
  6. Bachmann GA, Schaefers M, Uddin A, Utian WH. Microdose transdermal estrogen therapy for relief of vulvovaginal symptoms in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2009; 16:877-82.
  7. Cano A, Estévez J, Usandizaga R, Gallo JL, Guinot M, Delgado JL et al. The therapeutic effect of a new ultra low concentration estriol gel formulation (0.005 % estriol vaginal gel) on symptoms and signs of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy: results from a pivotal phase III Menopause. 2012;19:1130-9.
  8. Brunner RL, Aragaki A, Barnabei V, Cochrane BB, Gass M, Hendrix S, et al. Menopausal symptom experience before and after stopping estrogen therapy in the Women’s Health Initiative randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Menopause. 2010;17:946-54.
  9. Cummings SR, Ettinger B, Delmas PD, Kenemans P, Stathopoulos V, Verweij P et al. The effects of tibolone in older postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:697-708.
  10. Beral V. Million Women Study Collaborators. Breast cancer and hormone- replacement therapy in the Million Women Lancet. 2003;362:419-427.
  11. Kenemans P, Bundred NJ, Foidart JM, Kubista E, von  Schoultz  B,  Sismondi P et al. Safety and efficacy of tibolone in breast-cancer patients  with vasomotor symptoms: a double-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:135-46.
  12. Nedrow A, Miller J, Walker M, Nygren P, Huffman LH, Nelson HD. Complementary and alternative therapies for the management of menopause- related symptoms. A systematic evidence review. Arch Intern med. 2006;166:1453-65.
  1. Howes LG, Howes JB, Knight DC. Isoflavone therapy for menopausal flushes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2006;55:203-11.
  2. Hidalgo LA, Chedraui PA, Morocho N, Ross S, San  Miguel  The  effect of red clover isoflavones on menopausal symptoms, lipids and vaginal cytology in menopausal women: a randomized, doubleblind, placebo- controlled study. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2005;21:257-64.
  3. Manonai J, Songchitsomboon S, Chanda K, Hong JH, Komindr    The effect of a soy-rich diet on urogenital atrophy: a randomized crossover trial. Maturitas. 2006;54:135-40.
  4. Carmignani LO, Pedro AO, Costa-Paiva LH, Pinto-Neto AM. The effect of dietary soy supplementation compared to estrogen and placebo on menopausal symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. Maturitas. 2010;67:262-9.
  5. Leach MJ, Moore V. Black cohosh (Cimicifuga spp.) for menopausal symptoms. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012, issue 9. Art. No.: CD007244. DOI: 1002/14651858.CD007244.pub2.
  6. Laakmann E, Grajecki D, Doege K, zu Eulenburg C, Buhling    Efficacy of Cimifuga Racemosa, Hypericum perforatum and Agnus castus in the treatment of climacteric complaints: a systematic review.  Gynecol Endocrinol. 2012;28:703-9.
  7. Reed SD, Newton KM, LaCroix AZ, Grothaus LC, Grieco VS, Ehrlich K. Vaginal, endometrial, and reproductive hormone findings: randomized, placebo-controlled trial of black cohosh, multibotanical herbs, and dietary soy for vasomotor symptoms: the Herbal Alternatives for Menopause (HALT) Study. 2008;15:51-8.
  8. Wuttke W, Seidlová-Wuttke D, Gorkow C. The Cimicifuga preparation BNO 1055 conjugated estrogens in a double-blind placebo-controlled study: effects on menopause symptoms and bone markers. Maturitas. 2003;44:67-77.
  9. Osmers R, Friede M, Liske E, Schnitker J, Freudenstein J, Henneicke-von Zepelin HH. Efficacy and safety of isopropanolic black cohosh extract for climacteric symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:1074-83.
  10. Bachmann GA, Komi JO. Ospemifene effectively treats vulvovaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: results from a pivotal phase 3 study. 2010;17:480-6.
  11. Simon JA, Lin VH, Radovich C, Bachmann GA; Ospemifene Study One-year long-term safety extension study of ospemifene for the treatment of vulvar and vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women with a uterus. Menopause. 2013;20:418-27.
  12. Kagan R, Williams RS, Pan K, Mirkin S, Pickar JH. A randomized, placebo- and active-controlled trial of bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens for treatment of moderate to severe vulvar/vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. 2010;17:281-9.
  1. Bachmann G, Bobula J, Mirkin S. Effects of bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens on quality of life in postmenopausal women with symptoms of vulvar/vaginal atrophy. 2010;13:132-40.
  2. Vardy MD, Lindsay R, Scotti RJ, Mikhail M, Richart RM, Nieves J, et al. Short-term urogenital effects of raloxifene, tamoxifen and estrogen. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189:81-8.
  3. Pinkerton JV, Shifren JL, La Valleur J, Rosen A, Roesinger M, Siddhanti S. Influence of raloxifene on the efficacy of an estradiol-releasing ring for treating vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal Menopause. 2003;10:45-52.
  4. Parsons A, Merritt D, Rosen A, Heath H 3rd, Siddhanti S, Plouffe L Jr. Effect of raloxifene on the response to conjugated estrogen vaginal cream or nonhormonal moisturizers in postmenopausal vaginal atrophy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003; 101:346-52.
  5. Lufkin EG, Whitaker MD, Nickelsen T, Argueta R, Caplan RH, Knickerbocker RK, et al. Treatment of established postmenopausal osteoporosis with raloxifene: a randomized J Bone Miner Resm. 1998; 13:1747-54.
  6. Draper MW, Flowers DE, Huster WJ, Neild JA, Harper KD, Arnaud C. A controlled trial of raloxifene (LY139481) HC1: impact on bone turnover and serum lipid profile in healthy postmenopausal women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 1996;11:835-42.
  7. Bygdeman M, Swahn ML. Replens versus dienoestrol cream in the symptomatic treatment of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 1996; 23:259-63.
  8. Nachtigall LE. Comparative study: Replens versus local estrogen in menopausal women. Fertil Steril. 1994; 61: 178-180.
  9. Foxman B, Barlow R, D’Arcy H, Guillespie B, Sobel JD. Urinary tract infection: self reported incidence and associated costs. Annals of Epidemiology. 2000;10:509-15.
  10. Raz R, Gennesin Y, Wasser J, Stoler Z, Rosenfeld S, Rottensterich E, et Recurrent urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2000;30:152-6.
  11. Waetjen LE, Ye J, Feng WY, et al. Association between menopausal transition and the development of urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;114:989-98.
  12. Perrotta C, Aznar M, Mejia R, Albert X,  Ng    Oestrogens  for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD005131. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005131.pub2.
  1. Raz R, Stamm WE. A controlled trial of intravaginal estriol in postmenopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infections. New England Journal of Medicine 1993;329:753-6.
  2. Eriksen B. A randomized, open, parallel-group study on the preventive effect of an estradiol-releasing vaginal ring (Estring) on recurrent urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 1999;180:1072-9.
  3. Raz R, Colodner R, Rohana Y, Battino S, Rottensterich E,Wasser I, et al. Effectiveness of estriol-containing vaginal pessaries and nitrofurantoin macrocrystal therapy in the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in postmenopausal Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:1362-8. Epub 2003 May 21.
  4. Xu R, Wu Y, Hu Y. Prevention and treatment of recurrent urinary system infection with estrogen cream in postmenopausal Chung-Hua Fu Chan Ko Tsa Chih [Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology]. 2001;36:531-3.
  5. Hendrix SL, Cochrane BB, Nygaard IE, Handa VL, Barnabei VM, Iglesia C, et al. Effects of estrogen with and without progestin on urinary incontinence. JAMA 2005;293:935-48.