En
Bibliografía

1. Ministerio de Sanidad, Política Social e Igualdad. Estrategia Nacional de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad, Política Social e Igualdad, 2011.

2. Ministerio de Sanidad y Política Social. Encuesta Nacional de Salud Sexual. Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, número 2780, 2009.

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). U.S. Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use, 2013: adapted from the World Health Organization selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use, 2nd edition. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013;62(RR-05):1-60.

4. World Health Organization. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use – 5th ed. Genève: World Health Organization 2015.

5. Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare (FSRH). UK Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (2009)

6. Grupo de trabajo para la actualización del Manual de Elaboración de GPC. Elaboración de Guías de Práctica Clínica en el Sistema Nacional de Salud. Actualización del Manual Metodológico [Internet]. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad; Zaragoza: Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS); 2016 [acceso en agosto 2016]. Disponible en: http://portal.guiasalud.es/emanuales/elaboracion_2/.

7. Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A, editores. GRADE handbook for grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. Updated October 2013. The GRADE Working Group, 2013. Disponible en línea www.guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook.

8. Sociedad Española de Contracepción. Actualización en el manejo clínico de la anticoncepción hormonal, intrauterina y de urgencia. Conferencia de Consenso. 2011. Disponible online en http://sec.es/area-cientifica/documentacion-cientifica/conferencia-de-consenso/

9. Alonso-Coello P, Rigau D, Solà I, Martínez García L. Formulating health care recommendations: the GRADE system. Med Clin (Barc). 2013;140(8):366-73.

10. Mansour D, Inki P, Gemzell-Danielsson K. Efficacy of contraceptive methods: A review of the literature. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2010;15(1):4-16.

11. Wiegratz I, Thaler CJ. Hormonal contraception–what kind, when, and for whom?. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2011;108(28-29):495-505.

12. Trussell J. Contraceptive failure in the United States. Contraception. 2011;83(5):397-404.

13. Kost K, Singh S, Vaughan B, Trussell J, Bankole A. Estimates of contraceptive failure from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Contraception. 2008;77(1):10-21.

14. Dinger J, Minh TD, Buttmann N, Bardenheuer K. Effectiveness of oral contraceptive pills in a large U.S. cohort comparing progestogen and regimen. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117(1):33-40.

15. Dinger JC, Heinemann LA, Kühl-Habich D. The safety of a drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive: final results from the European Active Surveillance Study on oral contraceptives based on 142,475 women-years of observation. Contraception 2007;75(5):344–54.

16. Dinger JC, Cronin M, Möhner S, Schellschmidt I, Minh TD, Westhoff C. Oral contraceptive effectiveness according to body mass index, weight, age, and other factors. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201(3):263.e1-9.

17. Winner B, Peipert JF, Zhao Q, Buckel C, Madden T, Allsworth JE, et al. Effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraception. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(21):1998-2007.

18. Trussell J. Contraceptive efficacy. En: Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Stewart F, editores. Contraceptive technology (18a edición revisada). New York: Ardent Media, 2004.

19. Gallo MF, Nanda K, Grimes DA, Lopez LM, Schulz KF. 20 µg versus >20 µg estrogen combined oral contraceptives for contraception. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 8. Art. No.: CD003989. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003989.pub5.

20. Anttila L, Kunz M, Marr J. Bleeding pattern with drospirenone 3 mg+ethinyl estradiol 20 mcg 24/4 combined oral contraceptive compared with desogestrel 150 mcg+ethinyl estradiol 20 mcg 21/7 combined oral contraceptive. Contraception. 2009;80(5):445-51.

21. Gestodene Study Group. Cycle control, safety and efficacy of a 24-day regimen of gestodene 60 microg/ ethinylestradiol 15 microg and a 21-day regimen of desogestrel 150 microg/ethinylestradiol 20 microg. Gestodene Study Group 324. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 1999;4 Suppl 2:17-25.

22. Kaunitz AM, Burkman RT, Fisher AC, Laguardia KD. Cycle control with a 21-day compared with a 24-day oral contraceptive pill: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;114(6):1205-12.

23. Mansour D, Verhoeven C, Sommer W, Weisberg E, Taneepanichskul S, Melis GB, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a monophasic combined oral contraceptive containing nomegestrol acetate and 17β-oestradiol in a 24/4 regimen, in comparison to an oral contraceptive containing ethinylestradiol and drospirenone in a 21/7 regimen. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2011;16(6):430-43.

24. Nakajima ST, Archer DF, Ellman H. Efficacy and safety of a new 24-day oral contraceptive regimen of norethindrone acetate 1 mg/ethinyl estradiol 20 micro g (Loestrin 24 Fe). Contraception. 2007;75(1):16-22.

25. Westhoff C, Kaunitz AM, Korver T, Sommer W, Bahamondes L, Darney P, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a monophasic oral contraceptive containing nomegestrol acetate and 17β-estradiol: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119(5):989-99.

26. Dinger J, Bardenheuer K, Heinemann K. Cardiovascular and general safety of a 24-day regimen of drospirenone-containing combined oral contraceptives: final results from the International Active Surveillance Study of Women Taking Oral Contraceptives. Contraception.2014;89(4):253-63.

27. Mantha S, Karp R, Raghavan V, Terrin N, Bauer KA, Zwicker JI. Assessing the risk of venous thromboembolic events in women taking progestin-only contraception: a meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012;345:e4944. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e4944.

28. Martínez F, Ramírez I, Pérez-Campos E, Latorre K, Lete I. Venous and pulmonary thromboembolism and combined hormonal contraceptives. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2012;17(1):7-29. doi: 10.3109/13625187.2011.643836.

29. Peragallo Urrutia R, Coeytaux RR, McBroom AJ, Gierisch JM, Havrilesky LJ, Moorman PG, et al. Risk of acute thromboembolic events with oral contraceptive use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(2 Pt 1):380-9. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182994c43.

30. Stegeman BH, de Bastos M, Rosendaal FR, van Hylckama Vlieg A, Helmerhorst FM, Stijnen T, et al. Different combined oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thrombosis: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013;347:f5298. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f5298.

31. de Bastos M, Stegeman BH, Rosendaal FR, Van Hylckama Vlieg A, Helmerhorst FM, Stijnen T, et al. Combined oral contraceptives: venous thrombosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD010813. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010813.pub2.

32. Lidegaard O, Nielsen H, Skovlund CW, Skjeldestad FE, Løkkegaard E. Risk of venous thromboembolism from use of oral contraceptives containing different progestogens and oestrogen doses: Danish cohort study, 2001-9. BMJ 2011; 343:d6423.

33. Samuelsson E, Hagg S. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in young Swedish women and possibly preventable cases among combined oral contraceptive users. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004;83:674–81.

34. Lidegaard Ø, Løkkegaard E, Jensen A, Skovlund CW, Keiding N. Thrombotic stroke and myocardial infarction with hormonal contraception. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(24):2257-66.

35. Dinger J, Möhner S, Heinemann K. Cardiovascular risk associated with the use of an etonogestrel-containing vaginal ring. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(4):800-8.

36. Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios (AEMPS). Anticonceptivos hormonales combinados: conclusiones de la revisión del riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso. Información para profesionales sanitarios. Referencia: MUH (FV), 27/2013.

37. Wyatt KD, Anderson RT, Creedon D, Montori VM, Bachman J, et al. Women’s values in contraceptive choice: a systematic review of relevant attributes included in decision aids. BMC Womens Health. 2014;14(1):28. doi: 10.1186/1472-6874-14-28.

38. Garbers S, Meserve A, Kottke M, Hatcher R, Ventura A, Chiasson MA. Randomized controlled trial of a computer-based module to improve contraceptive method choice. Contraception. 2012;86(4):383-90.

39. Lopez LM, Steiner M, Grimes DA, Hilgenberg D, Schulz KF. Strategies for communicating contraceptive effectiveness. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD006964. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006964.pub3.

40. Ortmeier B G, Sauer K A, Langley P C, Bealmear B K. A cost-benefit analysis of four hormonal contraceptive methods. Clinical Therapeutics 1994;16(4):707-713.

41. Trussell J, Leveque J A, Koenig J D, London R, Borden S, Henneberry J, et al. The economic value of contraception: a comparison of 15 methods. American Journal of Public Health 1995;85(4):494-503.

42. Sonnenberg F A, Burkman R T, Hagerty C G, Speroff L, Speroff T. Costs and net health effects of contraceptive methods. Contraception 2004;69(6):447-459.

43. Mavranezouli I; LARC Guideline Development Group. The cost-effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods in the UK: analysis based on a decision-analytic model developed for a National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) clinical practice guideline. Hum Reprod. 2008;23(6):1338-45.

44. Trussell J, Lalla AM, Doan QV, Reyes E, Pinto L, Gricar J. Cost effectiveness of contraceptives in the United States. Contraception. 2009;79(1):5-14.

45. Cheng L, Che Y, Gülmezoglu AM. Interventions for emergency contraception. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 8. Art. No.: CD001324. DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD001324.pub4.

46. Glasier AF, Cameron ST, Fine PM, Logan SJ, Casale W, Van Horn J, et al. Ulipristal acetate versus levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a randomised non-inferiority trial and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2010;375(9714):555-62.

47. Creinin MD, Schlaff W, Archer DF, Wan L, Frezieres R, Thomas M, et al. Progesterone receptor modulator for emergency contraception: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108(5):1089-97.

48. Askalani AH, Al-Senity AM, Al-Agizy HM, Salam HI, Al-Masry GI, El-Sadek SM. Evaluation of copper T-200 as a post-coital contraceptive. Egyptian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1987;13:63–6.

49. Liu L, Chen A. A comparative study of mifepristone with Cu-IUD for emergency contraception. Journal of Changzhi Medical College 2002;61:198–9.

50. Cleland K, Zhu H, Goldstuck N, Cheng L, Trussell J. The efficacy of intrauterine devices for emergency contraception: a systematic review of 35 years of experience. Hum Reprod. 2012;27(7):1994-2000.

51. Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. Emergency Contraception – Clinical Effectiveness Unit, August 2011. [accesible online en www.fsrh.org/pdfs/CEUguidanceEmergencyContraception11.pdf, accedido 1 septiembre 2014].

52. European Consortium for Emergency Contraception. Emergency Contraception: A guideline for service provision in Europe. ECEC, December 2013. [acceso online en www.ec-ec.org/emergency-contraception-in-europe/guidelines/, accedido enero 2016].

53. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Contraception. NICE Quality Standard [QS129]. London, September 2016.

54. Agencia Española del Medicamento y Productos Sanitarios. Mirena 0,02 mg cada 24 horas sistema de liberación intrauterino. Ficha Técnica o Resumen de las Características del Producto. Disponible en http://www.aemps.gob.es/cima/pdfs/es/ft/63158/FT_63158.pdf

55. North East Treatment Advisory Group. Ulipristal (ellaOne) for post-coital contraception. North East Treatment Advisory Group, September 2009.

56. Agencia Española del Medicamento y Productos Sanitarios. ellaOne 30 mg comprimido (acetato de ulipristal). Ficha Técnica o Resumen de las Características del Producto. Disponible en www.ema.europa.eu/docs/es_ES/document_library/EPAR_Product_Information/human/001027/WC500023670.pdf

57. Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. Statement on Drug Interactions between Hormonal Contraception and Ulipristal Products: ellaOne® and Esmya® – Clinical Effectiveness Unit, November 2012. [accesible online en www.fsrh.org/pdfs/CEUstatementEsmya.pdf, accedido 1 septiembre 2013].

58. Polis CB, Grimes DA, Schaffer K, Blanchard K, Glasier A, Harper C. Advance provision of emergency contraception for pregnancy prevention. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD005497. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005497.pub2.

59. Ekstrand M, Larsson M, Darj E, Tydén T. Advance provision of emergency contraceptive pills reduces treatment delay: a randomised controlled trial among Swedish teenage girls. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87(3):354-9.

60. Gold MA, Wolford JE, Smith KA, Parker AM. The effects of advance provision of emergency contraception on adolescent women’s sexual and contraceptive behaviors. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2004;17(2):87-96.

61. Raine TR, Harper CC, Rocca CH, Fischer R, Padian N, Klausner JD, et al. Direct access to emergency contraception through pharmacies and effect on unintended pregnancy and STIs: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;293(1):54-62.

62. Raymond EG, Stewart F, Weaver M, Monteith C, Van Der Pol B. Randomized trial to evaluate the impact of increased access to emergency contraceptive pills. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006;108(5):1098-106.

63. Meyer JL, Gold MA, Haggerty CL. Advance provision of emergency contraception among adolescent and young adult women: a systematic review of literature. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2011 Feb;24(1):2-9.

64. Rodriguez MI, Curtis KM, Gaffield ML, Jackson E, Kapp N. Advance supply of emergency contraception: a systematic review. Contraception. 2013;87(5):590-601.

65. Bayer LL, Edelman AB, Caughey AB, Rodriguez MI. The price of emergency contraception in the United States: what is the cost-effectiveness of ulipristal acetate versus single-dose levonorgestrel? Contraception 2013; 87(3): 385-390.

66. Tepper NK, Curtis KM, Steenland MW, Marchbanks PA. Physical examination prior to initiating hormonal contraception: a systematic review. Contraception. 2013;87(5):650-4.

67. Tepper NK, Curtis KM, Steenland MW, Marchbanks PA. Blood pressure measurement prior to initiating hormonal contraception: a systematic review. Contraception. 2013;87(5):631-8.

68. Tepper NK, Steenland MW, Marchbanks PA, Curtis KM. Laboratory screening prior to initiating contraception: a systematic review. Contraception. 2013;87(5):645-9.

69. WHO Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Acute myocardial infarction and combined oral contraceptives: results of an international multicentre case-control study. Lancet 1997;349(9060):1202-9.

70. Lewis MA, Heinemann LA, Spitzer WO, MacRae KD, Bruppacher R. The use of oral contraceptives and the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction in young women. Results from the Transnational Study on Oral Contraceptives and the Health of Young Women. Contraception. 1997;56(3):129-40.

71. Dunn N, Thorogood M, Faragher B, de Caestecker L, MacDonald TM, McCollum C, et al. Oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction: results of the MICA case-control study. BMJ. 1999;318(7198):1579-83.

72. Hamilton T, Loudon NB, Prescott RJ, Rankin ME. Detection of breast disease in a family planning association clinic. Scott Med J. 1976;21(1):31-6.

73. Kösters JP, Gøtzsche PC. Regular self-examination or clinical examination for early detection of breast cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD003373. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003373.

74. Armstrong KA, Stover MA. SMART START: an option for adolescents to delay the pelvic examination and blood work in family planning clinics. J Adolesc Health. 1994;15(5):389-95.

75. Sawaya GF, Harper C, Balistreri E, Boggess J, Darney P. Cervical neoplasia risk in women provided hormonal contraception without a Pap smear. Contraception. 2001;63(2):57-60.

76. Kahn HS, Curtis KM, Marchbanks PA. Effects of injectable or implantable progestin-only contraceptives on insulin-glucose metabolism and diabetes risk. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(1): 216-25.

77. Diab KM, Zaki MM. Contraception in diabetic women: comparative metabolic study of Norplant, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, low dose oral contraceptive pill and CuT380A. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2000;26(1):17-26.

78. López LM, Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Steroidal contraceptives: effect on carbohydrate metabolism in women without diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD006133. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006133.pub5.

79. Berenson AB, Rahman M, Wilkinson G. Effect of injectable and oral contraceptives on serum lipids. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;114(4):786-94.

80. Kapp N, Tilley IB, Curtis KM. The effects of hormonal contraceptive use among women with viral hepatitis or cirrhosis of the liver: a systematic review. Contraception. 2009;80(4):381-6.

81. Kapp N, Curtis KM. Hormonal contraceptive use among women with liver tumors: a systematic review. Contraception. 2009;80(4):387-90.

82. International Agency for Research on Cancer. European guidelines for quality assurance in cervical cancer screening (second edition). Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2008.

83. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention, volume 10: Cervix Cancer Screening. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2005.

84. Smith JS, Green J, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Appleby P, Peto J, Plummer M, Franceschi S, Beral V. Cervical cancer and use of hormonal contraceptives: a systematic review. Lancet. 2003 5;361(9364):1159-67.

85. Puig-Tintoré LM, Castellsagué X, Torné A, de Sanjosé S, Cortés J, Roura E, et al. Coverage and factors associated with cervical cancer screening: results from the AFRODITA study: a population-based survey in Spain. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2008;12(2):82-9.

86. Mohllajee AP, Curtis KM, Peterson HB. Does insertion and use of an intrauterine device increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease among women with sexually transmitted infection? A systematic review. Contraception. 2006;73(2):145-53.

87. Martínez F, López-Arregui E. Infection risk and intrauterine devices. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2009;88(3):246-50.

88. World Health Organization. Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use – 2nd ed. Genève: World Health Organization 2004.

89. Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. Combined Hormonal Contraception. Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare Clinical Guidance- Clinical Effectiveness Unit, October 2011 [acceso online en www.fsrh.org/pdfs/CEUGuidanceCombinedHormonalContraception.pdf]

90. Steenland MW, Zapata LB, Brahmi D, Marchbanks PA, Curtis KM. The effect of follow-up visits or contacts after contraceptive initiation on method continuation and correct use. Contraception. 2013;87(5):625-30.

91. Neuteboom K, de Kroon CD, Dersjant-Roorda M, Jansen FW. Follow-up visits after IUDinsertion: sense or nonsense? A technology assessment study to analyze the effectiveness of follow-up visits after IUD insertion. Contraception. 2003;68(2):101-4.

92. Bang S. Korea: the relationship between IUD retention and check-up visits. Stud Fam Plann. 1971;2(5):110-2.

93. Herceg-Baron R, Furstenberg FF Jr, Shea J, Harris KM. Supporting teenagers’ use of contraceptives: a comparison of clinic services. Fam Plann Perspect. 1986;18(2):61-6.

94. Kirby D, Raine T, Thrush G, Yuen C, Sokoloff A, Potter SC. Impact of an intervention to improve contraceptive use through follow-up phone calls to female adolescent clinic patients. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2010;42(4):251-7.

95. Steenland MW, Zapata LB, Brahmi D, Marchbanks PA, Curtis KM. Appropriate follow up to detect potential adverse events after initiation of select contraceptive methods: a systematic review. Contraception. 2013;87(5):611-24.

96. Cardoso F, Polónia J, Santos A, Silva-Carvalho J, Ferreira-de-Almeida J. Low-dose oral contraceptives and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1997;59(3): 237-43.

97. Coney P, Washenik K, Langley RG, DiGiovanna JJ, Harrison DD. Weight change and adverse event incidence with a low-dose oral contraceptive: two randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Contraception. 2001;63(6):297-302.

98. Review Manager (RevMan) [Computer program]. Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

99. Wilson ES, Cruickshank J, McMaster M, Weir RJ. A prospective controlled study of the effect on blood pressure of contraceptive preparations containing different types and dosages of progestagen. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1984;91(12):1254-60.

100. Fasce E, Ibáñez P, Nieto C. Estudio controlado del efecto de anticonceptivos orales sobre la presion arterial. Rev Med Chil. 1995;123(2):158-64.

101. Shen Q, Lin D, Jiang X, Li H, Zhang Z. Blood pressure changes and hormonal contraceptives. Contraception. 1994;50(2):131-41.

102. Farley TM, Rosenberg MJ, Rowe PJ, Chen JH, Meirik O. Intrauterine devices and pelvic inflammatory disease: an international perspective. Lancet. 1992;339(8796):785-8.

103. Sivin I, Alvarez F, Diaz J, Diaz S, el Mahgoub S, Coutinho E, et al. Intrauterine contraception with copper and with levonorgestrel: a randomized study of the TCu 380Ag and levonorgestrel 20 mcg/day devices. Contraception. 1984;30(5):443-56.

104. Feldblum PJ, Caraway J, Bahamondes L, El-Shafei M, Quan Ha D, Morales E, et al. Randomized assignment to copper IUD or depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate: feasibility of enrollment, continuation and disease ascertainment. Contraception. 2005;72(3):187-91.

105. Sivin I, Stern J, Diaz J, Diaz MM, Faundes A, el Mahgoub S, et al. Two years of intrauterine contraception with levonorgestrel and with copper: a randomized comparison of the TCu 380Ag and levonorgestrel 20 mcg/day devices. Contraception. 1987;35(3):245-55.

106. Sivin I, Stern J, Coutinho E, Mattos CE, el Mahgoub S, Diaz S, et al. Prolonged intrauterine contraception: a seven-year randomized study of the levonorgestrel 20 mcg/day (LNg 20) and the Copper T380 Ag IUDS. Contraception. 1991;44(5):473-80.

107. Le YC, Rahman M, Berenson AB. Early weight gain predicting later weight gain among depot medroxyprogesterone acetate users. Obstet Gynecol.2009;114(2 Pt 1):279-84.

108. Bonny AE, Secic M, Cromer B. Early weight gain related to later weight gain in adolescents on depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117(4):793-7.

109. Madden T, Secura GM, Nease RF, Politi MC, Peipert JF. The role of contraceptive attributes in women’s contraceptive decision making. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015. pii: S0002-9378(15) 00107-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.01.051.

110. Belsey EM. The association between vaginal bleeding patterns and reasons for discontinuation of contraceptive use. Contraception. 1988;38(2):207-25.

111. Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. Management of Unscheduled Bleeding in Women Using Hormonal Contraception. Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare – Clinical Effectiveness Unit, May 2009. [accesible online en www.fsrh.org/pdfs/UnscheduledBleedingMay09.pdf, accedido septiembre 2014].

112. Godfrey EM, Whiteman MK, Curtis KM. Treatment of unscheduled bleeding in women using extended or continuous-use combined hormonal contraception: a systematic review. Contraception. 2013;87(5):567-75.

113. Sulak PJ, Kuehl TJ, Coffee A, Willis S. Prospective analysis of occurrence and management of breakthrough bleeding during an extended oral contraceptive regimen. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(4):935-41.

114. Sulak PJ, Smith V, Coffee A, Witt I, Kuehl AL, Kuehl TJ. Frequency and management of breakthrough bleeding with continuous use of the transvaginal contraceptive ring: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112(3):563-71.

115. Kaneshiro B, Edelman A, Carlson N, Morgan K, Nichols M, Jensen J. Treatment of unscheduled bleeding in continuous oral contraceptive users with doxycycline: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115(6):1141-9.

116. Abdel-Aleem H, d’Arcangues C, Vogelsong KM, Gaffield ML, Gülmezoglu AM. Treatment of vaginal bleeding irregularities induced by progestin only contraceptives. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD003449. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003449.pub5.

117. Godfrey EM, Folger SG, Jeng G, Jamieson DJ, Curtis KM. Treatment of bleeding irregularities in women with copper-containing IUDs: a systematic review. Contraception. 2013;87(5): 549-66.

118. Grimes DA, Hubacher D, Lopez LM, Schulz KF. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for heavy bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine-device use. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD006034. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006034.pub2.

119. Zapata LB, Steenland MW, Brahmi D, Marchbanks PA, Curtis KM. Effect of missed combined hormonal contraceptives on contraceptive effectiveness: a systematic review. Contraception. 2013;87(5):685-700.

120. Mansour D. Revision of the ‘missed pill’ rules. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2011;37(3): 128-31.

121. Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. Missed Pill Recommendations. CEU Statement (May 2011). Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare – Clinical Effectiveness Unit, May 2011. [accesible online en www.fsrh.org/pdfs/CEUStatementMissedPills.pdf, accedido septiembre 2014].

122. Halpern V, Lopez LM, Grimes DA, Stockton LL, Gallo MF. Strategies to improve adherence and acceptability of hormonal methods of contraception. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD004317. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004317.pub4.

123. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Combined Oral Contraceptives (The Pill): When to Start Taking the Pill, and Missed Pill Advice. MHRA UK Public Assessment Report, May 2011. [accesible online en www.mhra.gov.uk, accedido septiembre 2014].

124. Zapata LB, Steenland MW, Brahmi D, Marchbanks PA, Curtis KM. Patient understanding of oral contraceptive pill instructions related to missed pills: a systematic review. Contraception. 2013;87(5):674-84.

125. Deijen JB, Kornaat H. The influence of type of information, somatization, and locus of control on attitude, knowledge, and compliance with respect to the triphasic oral contraceptive Tri-Minulet. Contraception. 1997;56(1):31-41.

126. Little P, Griffin S, Kelly J, Dickson N, Sadler C. Effect of educational leaflets and questions on knowledge of contraception in women taking the combined contraceptive pill: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 1998;316(7149):1948-52.

127. Chin-Quee D, Wong E, Cuthbertson C. Evaluating information on oral contraceptive use: a randomized controlled trial to assess missed pill instructions. Hum Reprod. 2006;21(12): 3137-45.

128. Hou MY, Hurwitz S, Kavanagh E, Fortin J, Goldberg AB. Using daily text-message reminders to improve adherence with oral contraceptives. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2010; 116(3): 633–40.

129. Castaño PM, Bynum JY, Andrés R, Lara M, Westhoff C. Effect of daily text messages on oral contraceptive continuation: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119(1): 14-20.

130. Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. Drug Interactions with Hormonal Contraception (January 2011). Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare – Clinical Effectiveness Unit, January 2011. [accesible online en www.fsrh.org/pdfs/CEUGuidanceDrugInteractionsHormonal.pdf, accedido 1 septiembre 2014].

131. Sidhu J, Job S, Philipson R. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic consequences of the co-administration of lamotrigine and a combined oral contraceptive in healthy female subjects. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 61: 191–199.

132. Comité d’Avaluació de Nous Medicaments. Ulipristal. Institut Català de la Salut – CANM número 7, Octubre 2010.

133. Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care Clinical Effectiveness Unit. First prescription of combined oral contraception. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2003;29:209–223.

134. Back DJ, Breckenridge AM, Crawford FE, Hall JM, MacIver M, Orme MLE, et al. The effect of rifampicin on the pharmokinetics of ethynylestradiol in women. Contraception 1980; 21: 135–143.

135. Barditch-Crovo P, Trapnell CB, Ette E, Zacur HA, Coresh J, Rocco LE, et al. The effects of rifampin and rifabutin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination oral contraceptive. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999; 65:428–438.

136. Gelbke HP, Gethmann U, Knuppen R. Influence of rifampicin treatment on the metabolic fate of [4-14C] mestranol in women. Horm Metab Res 1977;9:415–419.

137. Joshi JV, Joshi UM, Sankolli GM, Gupta K, Rao AP, Hazari K, et al. A study of interaction of a low-dose contraceptive with anti-tubercular drugs. Contraception 1980;21:617–629.

138. LeBel M, Masson E, Guilbert E, Colborn D, Paquet F, Allard S, et al. Effects of rifabutin and rifampicin on pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol and norethindrone. J Clin Pharmacol 1998;38:1042–1050.

139. Abrams LS, Skee DM, Natarajan J, Hutman W, Wong FA. Tetracycline HCL does not affect the pharmakokinetics of a contraceptive patch. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2000; 70(Suppl. 1): 57–58.

140. Back DJ, Grimmer SfM, Orme MLE, Proudlove C, Mann RD, Breckenridge AM. Evaluation of Committee on Safety of Medicines yellow card reports on oral contraceptive-drug interactions with anticonvulsants and antibiotics. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1988; 25: 527–532.

141. Bacon JF, Shenfield GM. Pregnancy attributable to interaction between tetracycline and oral contraceptives. BMJ 1980; 280: 293.

142. Bainton R. Interaction between antibiotic therapy and contraceptive medication. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1986; 61: 453–455.

143. Bollen M. Use of antibiotics when taking the oral contraceptive pill. Aust Fam Physician 1995; 24: 928–929.

144. Csemiczky G, Alvendal C, Landgren BM. Risk for ovulation in women taking a low-dose oral contraceptive (Microgynon) when receiving antibacterial treatment with fluoroquinolone (ofloxacin). Adv Contracept 1996; 12: 101–109.

145. DeSano EA, Hurley SC. Possible interactions of antihistamines and antibiotics with oral contraceptive effectiveness. Fertil Steril 1982; 37: 853–854.

146. Dogterom P, van den Heuvel MW, Thomsen T. Absence of pharmacokinetic interactions of the combined contraceptive vaginal ring Nuvaring with oral amoxicillin or doxycycline in two randomised trials. Clin Pharmacokinet 2005; 44: 429–438.

147. Donley TG, Smith RF, Roy B. Reduced oral contraceptive effectiveness with concurrent antibiotic use: a protocol for prescribing antibiotics to women of childbearing age. Compendium 1990; 11: 392–396.

148. Dossetor J. Drug interactions with oral contraceptives. BMJ 1984; 4: 467–468.

149. Maggiolo F, Puricelli G, Dottorini M, Caprioli S, Bianchi W, Suter F. The effect of ciprofloxacin on oral contraceptive steroid treatments. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1991; 17: 451–454.

150. Murphy AA, Zacur HA, Charace P, Burkman RT. The effect of tetracycline on level of oral contraceptives. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 164: 28–33.

151. Neely JL, Abate M, Swinker M, D’Angio R. The effect of doxycycline on serum levels of ethinyl estradiol, norethindrone, and endogenous progesterone. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 77: 416–420.

152. Scholten PC, Droppert RM, Zwinkels MGL, Moesker HL, Nauta JJP, Hoepelman IM. No interaction between ciprofloxacin and an oral contraceptive. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 3266–3268.

153. Silber TJ. Apparent oral contraceptive failure associated with antibiotic administration. J Adolesc Health Care 1983;4: 287–289.

154. Young LK, Farquhar CM, McCowan LME, Roberts HE, Taylor J. The contraceptive practices of women seeking termination of pregnancy in an Aukland clinic. N Z Med J 1994; 107: 189–191.

155. Grimes DA, Lopez LM, Schulz KF. Antibiotic prophylaxis for intrauterine contraceptive device insertion. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1999, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD001327. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001327.

156. Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Prophylactic antibiotics for intrauterine device insertion: a metaanalysis of the randomized controlled trials. Contraception. 1999;60(2):57-63.

157. Martínez F, López-Arregui E. Infection risk and intrauterine devices. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2009;88(3):246-50.

158. Sinei SK, Schulz KF, Lamptey PR, Grimes DA, Mati JK, Rosenthal SM, et al. Preventing IUCD-related pelvic infection: the efficacy of prophylactic doxycycline at insertion. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1990;97(5):412-9. Walsh TL, Bernstein GS, Grimes DA, Frezieres R, Bernstein L, Coulson AH. Effect of prophylactic antibiotics on morbidity associated with IUD insertion: results of a pilot randomized controlled trial. IUD Study Group. Contraception. 1994;50(4):319-27.

159. Ladipo OA, Farr G, Otolorin E, Konje JC, Sturgen K, Cox P, et al. Prevention of IUD-related pelvic infection: the efficacy of prophylactic doxycycline at IUD insertion. Adv Contracept. 1991;7(1):43-54.

160. Zorlu CG, Aral K, Cobanoglu O, Gürler S, Gokmen O. Pelvic inflammatory disease and intrauterine devices: prophylactic antibiotics to reduce febrile complications. Adv Contracept. 1993;9(4):299-302.

161. Walsh T, Grimes D, Frezieres R, Nelson A, Bernstein L, Coulson A, et al. Randomised controlled trial of prophylactic antibiotics before insertion of intrauterine devices. IUD Study Group. Lancet. 1998;351(9108):1005-8.

162. Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. Recommendation from the CEU: Antibiotic prophylaxis for intrauterine contraceptive use in women at risk of bacterial endocarditis. Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare – Clinical Effectiveness Unit, July 2008. [accesible online en www.fsrh.org/pdfs/CEUstatementBacterialEndocarditis.pdf, accedido septiembre 2012].

163. Caddy S, Yudin MH, Hakim J, Money DM; Infectious Disease Committee; Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Best practices to minimize risk of infection with intrauterine device insertion. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2014;36(3):266-76.

164. American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee; American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology; American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation. 2007;116(15):1736-54.

165. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Prophylaxis against infective endocarditis: Antimicrobial prophylaxis against infective endocarditis in adults and children undergoing interventional procedures. NICE guidelines [CG64]. London, March 2008.

166. Allen RH, Bartz D, Grimes DA, Hubacher D, O’Brien P. Interventions for pain with intrauterine device insertion. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD007373. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007373.pub2

167. Sääv I, Aronsson A, Marions L, Stephansson O, Gemzell-Danielsson K. Cervical priming with sublingual misoprostol prior to insertion of an intrauterine device in nulliparous women: a randomized controlled trial. Human Reproduction 2007;22: 2647–52.

168. Dijkhuizen K, Dekkers OM, Holleboom CA, de Groot CJ, Hellebrekers BW, van Roosmalen GJ, et al. Vaginal misoprostol prior to insertion of an intrauterine device: an RCT. Hum Reprod. 2011;26(2):323-9.

169. Edelman AB, Schaefer E, Olson A, Van Houten L, Bednarek P, Leclair C, et al. Effects of prophylactic misoprostol administration prior to intrauterine device insertion in nulliparous women. Contraception. 2011;84(3):234-9.

170. Scavuzzi A, Souza AS, Costa AA, Amorim MM. Misoprostol prior to inserting an intrauterine device in nulligravidas: a randomized clinical trial. Hum Reprod. 2013;28(8):2118-25.

171. Ibrahim ZM, Sayed Ahmed WA. Sublingual misoprostol prior to insertion of a T380A intrauterine device in women with no previous vaginal delivery. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2013;18(4):300-8.

172. Lathrop E, Haddad L, McWhorter CP, Goedken P. Self-administration of misoprostol prior to intrauterine device insertion among nulliparous women: a randomized controlled trial. Contraception. 2013;88(6):725-9.

173. Espey E, Singh RH, Leeman L, Ogburn T, Fowler K, Greene H. Misoprostol for intrauterine device insertion in nulliparous women: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;210(3):208.e1-5.

174. Ward K, Jacobson JC, Turok DK, Murphy PA. A survey of provider experience with misoprostol to facilitate intrauterine device insertion in nulliparous women. Contraception 2011;84(6):594-9. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2011.03.011. Epub 2011 May 11.

175. Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. FSRH Clinical Guidance: Contraceptive Choices for Young People (March 2010). Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare – Clinical Effectiveness Unit, March 2010. [accesible online en http://www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/documents/cec-ceu-guidance-young-people-mar-2010/, accedidosep tiembre 2014].

176. Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. FSRH Clinical Guidance: Quick Starting Contraception (September 2010). Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare – Clinical Effectiveness Unit, September 2010. [accesible online en http://www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/documents/cec-ceu-guidance-young-people-mar-2010/, accedido septiembre 2014].

177. Lara-Torre E, Schroeder B. Adolescent compliance and side effects with Quick Start initiation of oral contraceptive pills. Contraception. 2002;66(2):81-5.

178. Westhoff C, Kerns J, Morroni C, Cushman LF, Tiezzi L, Murphy PA. Quick start: novel oral contraceptive initiation method. Contraception. 2002;66(3):141-5.

179. Westhoff C, Morroni C, Kerns J, Murphy PA. Bleeding patterns after immediate vs. conventional oral contraceptive initiation: a randomized, controlled trial. Fertil Steril. 2003;79(2):322-9.

180. Edwards SM, Zieman M, Jones K, Diaz A, Robilotto C, Westhoff C. Initiation of oral contraceptives–start now! J Adolesc Health. 2008;43(5):432-6.

181. Lopez LM, Newmann SJ, Grimes DA, Nanda K, Schulz KF. Immediate start of hormonal contraceptives for contraception. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD006260. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006260.pub3.

182. Murthy AS, Creinin MD, Harwood B, Schreiber CA. Same-day initiation of the transdermal hormonal delivery system (contraceptive patch) versus traditional initiation methods. Contraception. 2005;72(5):333-6.

183. Westhoff C, Osborne LM, Schafer JE, Morroni C Bleeding patterns after immediate initiation of an oral compared with a vaginal hormonal contraceptive. Obstet Gynecol.2005;106(1):89-96.

184. Westhoff C, Heartwell S, Edwards S, Zieman M, Cushman L, Robilotto C, et al. Initiation of oral contraceptives using a quick start compared with a conventional start: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;109(6):1270-6.

185. Rickert VI, Tiezzi L, Lipshutz J, León J, Vaughan RD, Westhoff C. Depo Now: preventing unintended pregnancies among adolescents and young adults. J Adolesc Health. 2007;40(1): 22-8.

186. Deans EI, Grimes DA. Intrauterine devices for adolescents: a systematic review. Contraception. 2009;79(6):418-23.

187. Secura GM, Madden T, McNicholas C, Mullersman J, Buckel CM, Zhao Q, et al. Provision of no-cost, long-acting contraception and teenage pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(14): 1316-23.

188. Jorgensen V. One-year contraceptive follow-up of adolescent patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1973;115:484–6.

189. Goldman JA, Dekel A, Reichman J. Immediate post abortion intrauterine contraception in nulliparous adolescents. Isr J Med Sci 1979;15:522–5.

190. Goldman JA, Reichman J. Contraception in the teenager. A comparison of four methods of contraception in adolescent girls. Isr J Med Sci 1980;16:510–3.

191. Diaz J, Pinto Neto AM, Bahamondes L, Diaz M, Arce XE, Castro S. Performance of the copper T 200 in parous adolescents: are copper IUDs suitable for these women? Contraception 1993;48:23–8.

192. Lane ME, Sobrero AJ. Experience with intrauterine contraception by adolescent women. Mt Sinai J Med 1975;42:337–44.

193. Weiner E, Berg AA, Johansson I. Copper intrauterine contraceptive devices in adolescent nulliparae. Br J ObstetGynaecol 1978;85:204–6.

194. Kulig JW, Rauh JL, Burket RL, Cabot HM, Brookman RR. Experience with the copper 7 intrauterine device in an adolescent population. J Pediatr 1980;96:746–50.

195. Larsson B, Hagstrom B, Viberg L, Hamberger L. Long-term clinical experience with the Cu7-IUD. Evaluation of a prospective study. Contraception 1981;23:387–97.

196. Rosenstock JR, Peipert JF, Madden T, Zhao Q, Secura GM. Continuation of reversible contraception in teenagers and young women. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120(6):1298-305.

197. Paterson H, Ashton J, Harrison-Woolrych M.A nationwide cohort study of the use of the levonorgestrel intrauterine device in New Zealand adolescents. Contraception. 2009;79(6): 433-8.

198. Luukkainen T, Allonen H, Haukkamaa M, Holma P, Pyörälä T, Terho J, et al. Effective contraception with the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device: 12-month report of a European multicenter study. Contraception. 1987;36(2):169-79.

199. Rivera R, Chen-Mok M, McMullen S. Analysis of client characteristics that may affect early discontinuation of the TCu-380A IUD. Contraception. 1999;60(3):155-60.

200. Diedrich JT, Desai S, Zhao Q, Secura G, Madden T, Peipert JF. Association of short-term bleeding and cramping patterns with long-acting reversible contraceptive method satisfaction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;212(1):50.e1-8.

201. Thonneau P, Almont T, de La Rochebrochard E, Maria B. Risk factors for IUD failure: results of a large multicentre case-control study. Hum Reprod. 2006;21(10):2612-6.

202. Madden T, McNicholas C, Zhao Q, Secura GM, Eisenberg DL, Peipert JF. Association of age and parity with intrauterine device expulsion. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124(4):718-26.

203. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2013. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2014.

204. Centro Nacional de Epidemiología. Resultados de la vigilancia epidemiológica de las enfermedades transmisibles. Informe anual 2012. Madrid, 2014.

205. Centre d’Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissió Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT). Informe epidemiològic CEEISCAT. Badalona: 2015, Generalitat de Catalunya. Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya.

206. Hov GG, Skjeldestad FE, Hilstad T. Use of IUD and subsequent fertility–follow-up after participation in a randomized clinical trial. Contraception. 2007;75(2):88-92.

207. Mestad R, Secura G, Allsworth JE, Madden T, Zhao Q, Peipert JF. Acceptance of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods by adolescent participants in the Contraceptive CHOICE Project. Contraception. 2011;84(5):493-8.

208. Eisenberg D, McNicholas C, Peipert JF. Cost as a barrier to long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) use in adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2013;52(4 Suppl):S59-63.

209. Udeh, B; Losch, M; Spies, E (2009), The Cost of Unintended Pregnancy in Iowa: A Benefit- Cost Analysis of Public Funded Family Planning Services, The University of Iowa Public Policy Center.

210. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Gynecologic Practice; Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Female age-related fertility decline. Committee Opinion No. 589. Obstet Gynecol. 2014r;123(3):719-21.

211. Fretts RC, Wilknins-Haug L, Eckler K. Effect of advanced age on fertility and pregnancy in women. Uptodate. Nov 2014.

212. Reynolds RF, Obermeyer CM. Age at natural menopause in Spain and the United States: results from the DAMES project. Am J Hum Biol. 2005;17(3):331-40.

213. Bernis C, Reher DS. Environmental contexts of menopause in Spain: comparative results from recent research. Menopause. 2007;14(4):777-87.

214. Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Encuesta de fecundidad. Año 1999. Consultada en línea en http://www.ine.es/inebmenu/mnu_dinamicapob.htm

215. Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Nacimientos ocurridos en España. Año 2013. Consultada en línea en http://www.ine.es/inebmenu/mnu_dinamicapob.htm

216. Balasch J, Gratacós E. Delayed childbearing: effects on fertility and the outcome of pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2012;24(3):187-93.

217. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet. 1996;347(9017):1713-27.

218. Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare. Clinical Effectiveness Unit. Contraception for Women Aged Over 40 Years. FSRH Guidance (July 2010).

219. Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare. Clinical Effectiveness Unit. Intrauterine Contraception. FSRH Guidance (November 2007).

220. Bahamondes L, Faundes A, Sobreira-Lima B, Lui-Filho JF, Pecci P, Matera S. TCu 380A IUD: a reversible permanent contraceptive method in women over 35 years of age. Contraception. 2005;72(5):337-41.

221. NICE CG 30: National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health. Long-acting reversible contraception: the effective and appropriate use of long-acting reversible contraception. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, October 2005 (updated 2011).

222. RCOG 40 Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Venous Thromboembolism and Hormonal Contraception (Green-Top 40). July 2010.

223. Trussell J, Guthrie KA, Schwarz EB. Much ado about little: obesity, combined hormonal contraceptive use and venous thrombosis. Contraception. 2008;77(3):143-6.

224. Weisberg E. Contraceptive options for women in selected circumstances. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2010;24(5):593-604.

225. Society of Family Planning, Higginbotham S. Contraceptive considerations in obese women: release date 1 September 2009, SFP Guideline 20091. Contraception. 2009;80(6):583-90.

226. Lopez LM, Grimes DA, Chen M, Otterness C, Westhoff C, Edelman A, Helmerhorst FM. Hormonal contraceptives for contraception in overweight or obese women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD008452. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD008452.pub3.

227. Burkman RT, Fisher AC, Wan GJ, Barnowski CE, LaGuardia KD. Association between efficacy and body weight or body mass index for two low-dose oral contraceptives. Contraception 2009;79(6):424–7.

228. Merki-Feld GS, Skouby S, Serfaty D, Lech M, Bitzer J, Crosignani PG, et al. European society of contraception statement on contraception in obese women. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2015 Feb;20(1):19-28.

229. Xu H, Wade JA, Peipert JF, Zhao Q, Madden T, Secura GM. Contraceptive failure rates of etonogestrel subdermal implants in overweight and obese women. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120 (1):21-6.

230. Abdollahi M, Cushman M, Rosendaal F. Obesity: risk of venous thrombosis and the interaction with coagulation factor levels and oral contraceptive use. Thrombosis & Haemostasis2003;89:493–8.

231. Lidegaard O, Edstrom B, Kreiner S. Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: a five-year national case-control study. Contraception 2002;65:187–96.

232.Nightingale AL, Lawrenson RA, Simpson EL, Williams TJ, MacRae KD, Farmer RD. Theeffects of age, body mass index, smoking and general health on the risk of venous thromboembolism in users of combined oral contraceptives. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2000;5:265–74.

233. Pomp ER, le Cessie S, Rosendaal FR, Doggen CJ. Risk of venous thrombosis: obesity and its joint effect with oral contraceptive use and prothrombotic mutations. Br J Haematol 2007;139:289–96.

234. Sidney S, Petitti DB, Soff GA, Cundiff DL, Tolan KK, Quesenberry Jr CP. Venous thromboembolic disease in users of low-estrogen combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives. Contraception 2004;70:3–10.

235. Kaneshiro B, Jensen JT, Carlson NE, Harvey SM, Nichols MD, Edelman AB. Body mass index and sexual behavior. Obstet Gynecol 2008;112:586–92

236. Chuang CH, Chase GA, Bensyl DM, Weisman CS. Contraceptive use by diabetic and obese women. Women’s Health Issues 2005;15:167.

237. Heinemann LA, Dinger JC. Range of published estimates of venous thromboembolism incidence in young women. Contraception. 2007;75(5):328-36.

238. Zieman M, Guillebaud J, Weisberg E, Shangold GA, Fisher AC, Creasy GW. Contraceptive efficacy and cycle control with the Ortho Evra/Evra transdermal system: the analysis of pooled data. Fertil Steril. 2002;77(2 Suppl 2):S13-8.

239. Jain J, Jakimiuk AJ, Bode FR, Ross D, Kaunitz AM. Contraceptive efficacy and safety of DMPA-SC. Contraception. 2004;70(4):269-75.

240. Vilos GA, Marks J, Tureanu V, Abu-Rafea B, Vilos AG. The levonorgestrel intrauterine system is an effective treatment in selected obese women with abnormal uterine bleeding. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2011;18(1):75-80.

241. Callegari LS, Nelson KM, Arterburn DE, Prager SW, Schiff MA, Schwarz EB. Factors associated with lack of effective contraception among obese women in the United States. Contraception. 2014;90(3):265-71.

242. Grupo de trabajo de la Guía de práctica clínica de atención en el embarazo y puerperio. Guía de práctica clínica de atención en el embarazo y puerperio. Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Agencia de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias de Andalucía; 2014. Guías de Práctica Clínica en el SNS: AETSA 2011/10.

243. Jackson E, Glasier A. Return of ovulation and menses in postpartum nonlactating women: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117(3):657-62.

244. Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare. Postnatal Sexual and Reproductive Health. FSRH Guidance (2009).

245. Jackson E, Curtis KM, Gaffield ME. Risk of venous thromboembolism during the postpartum period: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117(3):691-703.

246. Kapp N, Curtis K, Nanda K. Progestogen-only contraceptive use among breastfeeding women: a systematic review. Contraception. 2010;82(1):17-37.

247. Van der Wijden C, Brown J, Kleijnen J. Lactational amenorrhea for family planning. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD001329. DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD001329.

248. Heinemann K, Reed S, Moehner S, Minh TD. Risk of uterine perforation with levonorgestrel- releasing and copper intrauterine devices in the European Active Surveillance Study on Intrauterine Devices. Contraception. 2015;91(4):274-9.

249. AEMPS Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios. Comunicación directa para profesionales sanitarios. Información actualizada acerca del riesgo de perforación uterina con dispositivos intrauterinos de cobre (Nova T 380) y sistemas de liberación intrauterinos de levonorgestrel (Mirena y Jaydess).Octubre 2015. Cartas de seguridad a los profesionales sanitarios. En: www.aemps.gob.es/vigilancia/medicamentosUsoHumano/cartas_segProfSani.htm

250. Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary (BNF 59). 2010.

251. Stockley IH. Stockley’s Drug Interactions (9th edn). London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press, 2010.

252. Cole JA, Norman H, Doherthy M, Walker AM. Venous thromboembolism, myocardial infarction,and stroke among transdermal contraceptive system users. Obstet Gynecol 2007;109:339–46.